Forced, Reluctant, and Voluntary Migration

Human migration is the permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one location to another. This movement may occur domestically or internationally and can affect economic structures, population densities, culture, and politics. People either are made to move involuntarily (forced), are put in situations that encourage relocation (reluctant), or choose to migrate (voluntary). Forced Migration Forced migration is a negative form of migration, often the result of persecution, development, or exploitation. The largest and most devastating forced migration in human history was the African slave trade, which carried 12 to 30 million Africans from their homes and transported them to various parts of North America, Latin America, and the Middle East. Those Africans were taken against their will and forced to relocate. The Trail of Tears is another pernicious example of forced migration. Following the Indian Removal Act of 1830, tens of thousands of Native Americans living in the Southeast were forced to migrate to parts of contemporary Oklahoma (Land of the Red People in Choctaw). Tribes traversed up to nine states on foot, with many dying along the way. Forced migration is not always violent. One of the largest involuntary migrations in history was caused by development. The construction of Chinas Three Gorges Dam displaced nearly 1.5 million people and put 13 cities, 140 towns, and 1,350 villages underwater. Although new housing was provided for those forced to move, many people were not compensated fairly. Some of the newly designated areas were also less ideal geographically, not foundationally secure, or lacked agriculturally productive soil. Reluctant Migration Reluctant migration is a form of migration in which individuals are not forced to move, but do so because of an unfavorable situation at their current location. The large wave of Cubans who legally and illegally immigrated to the United States following the 1959 Cuban revolution is considered a form of reluctant migration. Fearing a communist government and leader Fidel Castro, many Cubans sought asylum overseas. With the exception of Castros political opponents, most of the Cuban exiles were not forced to leave but decided it was in their best interest to do so. As of the 2010 census, over 1.7 million Cubans resided in the United States, with the majority living in Florida and New Jersey. Another form of reluctant migration involved the internal relocation of many Louisiana residents following  Hurricane Katrina. After the calamity caused by the hurricane, many people decided to either move farther from the coast or out of state. With their homes destroyed, the states economy in ruin, and sea levels continuing to rise, they reluctantly left. At the local level, a change in ethnic or socioeconomic conditions usually brought on by invasion-succession or gentrification can also cause individuals to reluctantly relocate. A white neighborhood that has turned predominately black or a poor neighborhood turned gentrified can have a personal, social, and economic impact on longtime residents. Voluntary Migration Voluntary migration is migration based on ones free will and initiative. People move for a variety of reasons, and it involves weighing options and choices. Individuals who are interested in moving often analyze the push and pull factors of two locations before making their decision. The strongest factors influencing people to voluntarily move are the desire to live in a better home and employment opportunities. Other factors contributing to voluntary migration include: Change in lifes course (getting married, empty-nest, retirement)Politics (from a conservative state to one that recognizes gay marriage, for example)Individual personality (suburban life to city life) Americans on the Move With their intricate transportation infrastructure and high per-capita income, Americans have become some of the most mobile people on earth. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2010 37.5 million people (or 12.5 percent of the population) changed residences. Of those, 69.3 percent stayed within the same county, 16.7 percent moved to a different county in the same state, and 11.5 percent moved to a different state. Unlike many underdeveloped countries where a family might live in the same home their entire lives, it is not uncommon for Americans to move multiple times within their life. Parents might choose to relocate to a better school district or neighborhood following the birth of a child. Many teenagers choose to leave for college in another area. Recent graduates go where their career is. Marriage might lead to the purchase of a new home, and retirement may take the couple elsewhere, yet again. When it comes to mobility by region, people in the Northeast were the least likely to move, with a move rate of just 8.3 percent in 2010. The Midwest had a move rate of 11.8 percent, the South—13.6 percent, and the West —14.7 percent. Principal cities within metropolitan areas experienced a population drop of 2.3 million people, while the suburbs experienced a net increase of 2.5 million. Young adults in their 20s are the most likely age group to move, while African Americans are the most likely race to move in America.

Stone Finch Business Case - Organizational Development Essay

Stone Finch, Inc.: Recommendations for a More Integrated Enterprise I. Executive Summary In 2009, Stone Finch was an international company operating in 12 countries with approximately 20,000 employees who provided products and services for water- and wastewater-related industries. The company consisted of two main divisions, one known as â€Å"Water Products† carried out the traditional business services that had sustained the company since its founding in 1975 by the Stone family. The other division, known as â€Å"Solutions†, was formed through the acquisition of Goldfinch Technologies in 2000, a 75-person biochemical services company, focused on offering biochemical services and developing new technologies, which was headed by Jim Billings. In†¦show more content†¦II. Analysis: Current State of Stone Finch and Origins of Issues The conflict between Water Products Division management and the CEO appears to be a result of differences in strategic and financial priorities; however, beneath the surface of this conflict, other issues are at play. Underlying issues include strategic alignment of the organization’s divisions, financial management, organization structure, rewards, decision-making, power and culture. Financial Management Since the merger of Stone and Goldfinch, and the investments in Entrepreneurial Subsidiaries, the growth in revenues and contribution margin of Solutions Division has outpaced Water Products. Solutions now produces 61% of total profits for Stone Finch, as shown in Figure 1, yet Water Products continues to invest capital into Solutions and Subsidiaries investments. Figure 1. Growth in Contribution Margins of Water Products and Solutions Divisions, 1999-2008. (Also see Appendix A: Financial Data.) Organizational Structure and Alignment The two divisions of Stone Finch have different organizational structures stemming from different work processes and strategies. The Water Products Division is a hierarchal, mechanistic structure typical of manufacturing operations (Morgan, pp. 31-33); employees have clearly defined roles and an established rewards system. By contrast, the Solutions Division isShow MoreRelatedThe Success Of Stone Finch, Inc.1775 Words   |  8 Pagesletting them figure out how to act upon it. In the Harvard Business School Brief Case â€Å"Stone Finch, Inc.: Young Division, Old Division,† president and CEO Jim Billings sought to inspire people to action in order to build upon the successes of Stone Finch, Inc. Unfortunately, Billings’ ambitions to inspire were too focused on innovation and the unknown, leaving the tried and true functions of the company to dwindle away. As a result, Stone Finch was left as a split organization where some employees feelRead MoreStone Finch (Case Stu dy)4887 Words   |  20 Pages(General) Module Name: Leadership and Strategic Change Contents ï‚ · Introduction of Stone Finch 3 ï‚ · Diagnosing the Problem 3 ï‚ · Symptoms 4 Strategic Intent of Stone Finch, Inc. 4 Adaptive Leadership of Stone Finch, Inc. 4 Organizational Architecture of Stone Finch, Inc. 5 ï‚ · Diagnosis 6 Diagnosis of the Strategic Intent 6 Diagnosis of the Contextual Leadership 7 Diagnosis of Organizational Architecture 8 ï‚ · Recommendations 9 Recommendations for Strategic Intent 9 RecommendationRead MoreCase Study : Microskin s Mission3649 Words   |  15 Pages1 Company Mission MicroSkin’s mission is to be the leading producer of antimicrobial, durable phone cases for health conscious consumers and medical professionals. We seek to satisfy an everyday need of living healthy and germ-free, as well as protecting your phone from outside elements and accidents. MicroSkin will also aim to expand the product line by the end of the year to include tablet cases. 2.2 Company’s Strategic Goals Over the next year, MicroSkin seeks to achieve the following financialRead MoreMarketing Literature Review11908 Words   |  48 PagesLiterature Review This section is based on a selection of article abstracts from a comprehensive business literature database. Marketing-related abstracts from over 125 journals (both academic and trade) are reviewed by JM staff. Descriptors for each entry are assigned by JM staff. Each issue of this section represents three months of entries into the database. JM thanks UMI for use of the ABI/INFORM business database. Each entry has an identifying number. Cross-references appear immediately under eachRead MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 Pageswe all know, Organizational theory, encompasses the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people act within organizations. It encompasses the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. Some of the major ways of division are into modern, symbolic, and postmodern or micro organizational behavior—which refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting and macro strategic management and organizational theory whichRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesActivity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (.2.3.4.5) 5.1.2.4 Delphi method Chapter 6 10.5.3 Cost/schedule system (.1) 6.6 .2.1 Time performance 7.2.3.1 Cost baseline development 7.3.2.1 Earned value system (F.4) 7.3.2.4 E.V., performance status report 7.3.2.2 E.V., forecasts 7.3.2.3 EV., to complete index (EAC) 7.3.2.5 Schedule and cost variance Developing a Project Plan 4.2.2 Planning tools 6.2 Sequence activities

Speech on Friendship free essay sample

If you think about it, though, we should embrace going back to school. When the day comes that there’s no school to go back to, we’ll miss it more than we think. There is no other time in our lives where we’ll experience anything like what we’re experiencing now. Never again will your biggest worries in life be about that science homework you didn’t finish, or why â€Å"Amirul† is ignoring you, or the horrible possibility of getting a pimple every Monday . Never again will you be a part of a community where an age difference of a year matters so much, and the moving up a grade, from junior to senior, seems so significant. I have some advice . Whether you stepped in , in this school this morning as an incoming freshman , or as a five years student or as a returning to school after 2 weeks of absence , remember this starting today , i always remember the words in a cartoon movie Chicken little , that is â€Å"every day is new day ! †, everyone has those first day butterflies. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech on Friendship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Who isn’t worried about grades, teachers, drama, or even getting to school on time? The best way to start a new school day right is to be prepared. Here are some tips to help you to make today and everyday as your best one yet . Wake up early, set your goals , meet new people , get involved , get organized and the most important is to have a positive attitude . Dear friends , Our secondary school years are the defining times in our lives that shape who we are, where we are going, and what we are going to do. Aside from this, they allow us to build strong friendships with people. We get to see which people are going to be there for the rest of our lives and those who will just disappear over the years. A friend is someone who is there for you, through it all. Through the pressure, boys, and drama, they are the one constant thing in your life that never fades away. I have realized at age eighteen that friends are not something you should take lightly, if we have found even just a couple of friends we are blessed. They are the people that we sing our lungs out in the car singing â€Å"Set fire to the rain†, the people we cry to, and the most importantly the people who will always have a shoulder to lean on. It is important to evaluate your relationships with your friends. You can see if they are the people you can go to with anything or if they are just another face in the crowd when you have a serious issue going on. Secondary school is the defining time in our life to find ourselves and break loose from our shells Lastly , Nowhere else but in school is there such a community. For despite the separation between grades, despite the clear distinction that comes with being juniors, and seniors, high schools have such a sense of school unity. While to us the grades we’re in make a difference, in the big picture every student at your school belongs to the same institution, is unified under the same name, is roused up by the same mascot at football games and collaborates to beat other schools in sports and academics. Secondary school is a wonderfully unique experience that many don’t appreciate until it’s too late. So instead of dreading the return to school in holidays at the end of the year, get excited about it. Like all of our parents and teachers like to tell us, you only go to high school once. In conclusion , Sure, there’s been sadness, mistakes, and let downs, but you can’t forget the good times, and you can’t ignore the photographs you took. Secondary school is an experience. I believe we should all make the most of it. May Smk Skudai will be the greatest memory of all .

Lab report ultrasound Sample

Lab report ultrasound Paper Apply coupling gel to the scanning surface. 2. Position the transducer above the vertical plane target and perpendicular to the wires. Do not apply excessive pressure as this may temporarily compress the target and skew the measurement. 3. Adjust the instrument setting as for a normal liver technique. Record these settings for used on subsequence testing. . Align this probe so all the vertical targets are displayed at their maximum intensity level. 5. Freeze the image and obtain a hard copy. 6. Using electronic calipers measurement the distance between two wire at various depth or align the echoes to the display markers for comparison. 7. Record these measurements. 8. Compare the measurement values with the recorded baseline distances. 6. Analyze the function of valves in the selected image and compared the valves in the left and right side of the heart. Mode B Dual 1 To display an image only on the left side of monitor. Mode B Dual 2 To display an image only on the right side of the monitor. 7. Explain the effect of Merman syndrome. (15 marks) Many affected individuals are tall, slender and loose-jointed. Arms, legs, fingers and toes often are unusually long. Some people with Merman syndrome have low foot arches (flat feet), and others have high arches. Individuals with Merman syndrome usually have long, narrow faces, and their teeth are generally crowded. Individuals with Merman syndrome can have one or more of the problems described below. The severity of the effects of Merman syndrome varies greatly, even within the same family. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report ultrasound specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report ultrasound specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report ultrasound specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Heart and blood vessel problems: The most serious problem associated with Merman syndrome is weakness of the wall of the aorta. The aorta is the bodys largest artery, which carries oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body. In Merman syndrome, the wall of the aorta gradually weakens and stretches (aortic dilation). Eventually, this can cause a tear (dissection) in the lining of the aorta. Blood can leak out through the tear into the aortic wall, sometimes causing a rupture that allows blood to leak into the chest or abdomen. If not detected and treated, these complications can cause sudden death. Abnormal heart valves: Heart valves are tiny flaps or gates that keep the blood flowing in one direction through the heart. With Merman syndrome, the hearts material valve tends to be large and floppy (material valve prolapsed). An abnormal material valve can allow blood to briefly flow backwards during a heartbeat. Sometimes this creates an abnormal sound (heart murmur) that a health care provider may hear through a stethoscope. Material valve prolapsed can sometimes be associated with irregular or rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath. Skeletal abnormalities: Many affected individuals have a lateral (sideways) curve of the spine called scoliosis. Sometimes there is a sharp, forward curvature called syphilis. Many individuals have a breastbone that protrudes outward (called upsets carination) or sinks inward (called upsets excavated). These chest abnormalities can sometimes affect heart or lung function. Sometimes the connective tissue that surrounds the spinal cord loosens and stretches out. This condition is called durra ecstasies and can cause pain in the lower back or legs and numbness or weakness in the legs. Lung problems: Persons with Merman syndrome sometimes develop breathing problems, such as shortness of breath. Breathing problems may result from skeletal abnormalities that do not allow the chest to fully expand or from sudden lapse of the lungs (called spontaneous pneumonia). Adults with Merman syndrome are at increased risk for early emphysema, a breathing disorder usually associated with smoking, even if they dont smoke. Individuals with Merman syndrome also may have short pauses in breathing during sleep, called sleep apneas. Eye problems: The lens of one or both eyes is off-center in more than 60 percent of persons with Merman syndrome (1, 3). This is called octopi lentils. Most affected individuals are nearsighted and have astigmatism (the eyes cannot focus clearly). 8. Why some people with Merman syndrome also have material valve prolapsed? Merman syndrome can cause problems with any of the four heart valves, often it affects the heart material valve, which controls blood flow between the spaces above and below the left side of the heart. Material valve can slip-condition in which the material valve flaps are floppy, not closed and allow blood to flow back in a heartbeat. Depending on the condition, surgery may be needed to repair the valve. If your child has material valve prolapsed (MAP), the doctor may hear a heart murmur (an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat). But it is important to note that having a MAP or inconclusive heart murmur mean that our child has Merman syndrome. 9. Are there physical traits in people with merman syndrome? ( 10 marks) More than 30 of the signs and symptoms that differ variably associated with Merman syndrome. The most famous of these, involving the skeletal system, available in a variety of other diseases (see Differential Diagnosis, below). Therefore, it is not possible to make a diagnosis of Merman syndrome only with ones appearance. Instead, Merman syndrome distinguish it from other nonrandom syndrome (without the use of DNA testing) requires the evaluation of clinical and laboratory endings not bone, especially the eyes, aorta, and heart. Complicating the persons physical assessment, a large clinical variability occurs in families that similar DNA variants. Skeletal system Most of the signs are conspicuously related to the skeletal system. Many individuals with Merman syndrome grow to a height above average. There is a long, slender legs (delimitations) with long fingers and toes (archaically). Hands of an individual may be disproportionately long, with thin, weak wrists. In addition to affecting height and parts of the body, Merman syndrome can produce other skeletal anomalies. Abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis), abnormal indentation (upsets excavated) or protrusion (upsets carination) of the sternum is not unusual. Other signs include unusual joint flexibility, a high palate, malocclusion, flat feet, hammer toe, hunched shoulders, and unexplained stretch marks on the skin. It can also cause pain in the joints, bones and muscles in some patients. Some people with Merman speech disorders resulting from symptoms high tastes and a small jaw. Early osteoarthritis can occur. Eyes Merman syndrome can also seriously affect the eyes and vision. Nearsightedness ND astigmatism are common, but farsightedness can also occur. Sublimation (dislocation) crystalline lens in one or both eyes (octopi lentils) (in of patients) also occur and can be detected by an ophthalmologist or optometrist using a slit-lamp biomorphic. In Merman dislocations typically supernormal whereas in the similar condition humanitarians, dislocation is inferential. Sometimes eye problems appear only after the weakness of connective tissue has caused detachment of the retina. Cardiovascular system The symptoms of the most serious and the symptoms associated with Merman yeomen involve the cardiovascular system: improper fatigue, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, racing heartbeat, or angina vectors with pain radiating to the back, shoulders, or arms. Cold hands, arms and legs can also be associated with Merman syndrome because of inadequate circulation. A heart murmur, abnormal reading on the EGG, or symptoms of angina can indicate further investigation. Signs of material regurgitation from prolapsed or aortic valve (which controls blood flow through the heart) result from cystic degeneration of the heart valves, which are usually associated with Merman syndrome (see atria valve prolapsed, aortic regurgitation). However, the main signs that will lead doctors to consider the underlying condition is dilated aorta or aortic aneurysms. Sometimes, no heart problems are apparent until the weakness of connective tissue (central cystic degeneration) in the ascending aorta causes an aortic aneurysm or aortic surgery, emergency surgery. An aortic dissection is most often fatal and presents with pain radiating to the back, giving a sense of tearing. Because connective tissue abnormalities underlying cause Merman syndrome, there is an increased incidence of dissidence of the material valve false. Care must be taken to try to repair a damaged heart valves rather than replacement. During pregnancy, even in the absence of normal cardiovascular assumptions, women with Merman syndrome greater risk for aortic dissection, which is often fatal even if treated quickly. Women with Merman syndrome, then, should receive a thorough assessment prior to conception, and chromatography should be performed every six to 10 weeks of pregnancy, to assess the aortic root diameter. For many women, safe vaginal delivery is possible. Lungs Pulmonary symptoms are not features of Merman syndrome, but spontaneous pneumonia is common. In spontaneous unilateral pneumonia, air escapes from the lung and occupies the pleural space between the chest wall and lungs. The lungs become partially compressed or collapsed. This can cause pain, shortness of breath, cyanogens, and, if left untreated, it can cause death. Other pulmonary manifestations of Merman syndrome may include sleep apneas and idiopathic obstructive lung disease. [Citation needed medical] of pathological changes in the lung has been described as changes in fibrosis, emphysema, pneumonia, bronchitiss, bubble, apical fibrosis and congenital anomalies such as the middle lobe hyperplasia The central nervous system Durra ecstasies, connective tissue weakness Durra sac encasing the spinal cord, although not life threatening, can reduce an individuals quality of life. It may be present for a long time without producing any noticeable symptoms. Symptoms that can occur are lower back pain, leg pain, abdominal pain, other neurological symptoms in the lower extremities, or headaches. The symptoms usually diminish when the individual lies flat on or back. These types of symptoms may lead a doctor to order an X-ray of the lower spine. Durra ecstasies is usually not visible on X-rays in the initial phase. A worsening of symptoms and the lack of ending any other reasons that will eventually lead a doctor to order an upright MR.. Of the lower spine. Durra ecstasies that has progressed to the point of causing these symptoms would appear in an upright MR.. Image as a dilated pouch wearing away at the lumbar spine. Other spinal issues associated with Merman syndrome include degenerative disc disease, spinal cysts and disputations. D) Conclusion (5 marks) For the conclusion for this test, student will understand and learn more about ultrasound. Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing. Although this limit varies from person to errors, it is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults and thus, 20 kHz serves as a useful lower limit in describing ultrasound. The production of ultrasound is used in many different fields, typically to penetrate a medium and measure the reflection signature or supply focused energy. The reflection signature can reveal details about the inner structure of the medium, a property also used by animals such as bats for hunting. The most well known application of ultrasound is its use in iconography to produce pictures of fetus in the human womb. Student also will learn that an ultrasound-based diagnostic deiced imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, to capture their size, structure and any pathological lesions with real time demographic images. Ultrasound has been used by oceanographers to image the human body for at least 50 years and has become one of the most widely used diagnostic tools in modern medicine. The technology is relatively inexpensive and portable, especially when compared with other techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MR..) and computed tomography (CT). Ultrasound is also used to visualize fetus during routine and emergency prenatal care. Such diagnostic applications used during pregnancy are referred to as obstetric iconography. Discussion Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing. Although this limit varies from person to person, it is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults and thus, 20 kHz serves as a useful lower limit in describing ultrasound. The production of ultrasound is used in many different fields, typically to penetrate a medium and measure the reflection signature or supply focused energy. The reflection signature can reveal details about the inner structure of the tedium, a property also used by animals such as bats for hunting. The most well known application of ultrasound is its use in iconography to produce pictures of fetus in the human womb. There are a vast number of other applications as well. Ultrasonic range A common use of ultrasound is in range finding; this use is also called SONAR, (sound navigation and ranging). This works similarly to RADAR (radio detection and ranging): An ultrasonic pulse is generated in a particular direction. If there is an object in the path of this pulse, part or all of the pulse will be reflected back o the transmitter as an echo and can be detected through the receiver path. By measuring the difference in time between the pulse being transmitted and the echo being received, it is possible to determine how far away the object is. The measured travel time of SONAR pulses in water is strongly dependent on the temperature and the salinity of the water. Ultrasonic ranging is also applied for measurement in air and for short distances. Such method is capable for easily and rapidly measuring the layout of rooms. Although range finding underwater is performed at both sub-audible and audible frequencies for great distances (1 to several kilometers), ultrasonic range finding is used when distances are shorter and the accuracy of the distance measurement is desired to be finer. Ultrasonic measurements may be limited through barrier layers with large salinity, temperature or vortex differentials. Ranging in water varies from about hundreds to thousands of meters, but can be performed with centimeters to meters accuracy. So in our study indicate that ultrasound can be used in different mod. From this mod can be generate more effective and as the result the producing a better image. Ultrasound scanners insist of a console containing a computer and electronics, a video display screen and a transducer that is used to scan the body and blood vessels. The transducer is a small hand-held device that resembles a microphone, attached to the scanner by a cord. The transducer sends out high frequency sound waves into the body and then listens for the returning echoes from the tissues in the body. The principles are similar to sonar used by boats and submarines. The ultrasound image is immediately visible on a nearby screen that looks much like a computer or television monitor. The image is created based on the amplitude strength), frequency and time it takes for the sound signal to return from the patient to the transducer. Common uses of the procedure? Ultrasound: Gallbladder Ultrasound: Kidney Ultrasound: Liver Ultrasound examinations can help to diagnose a variety of conditions and to assess organ damage following illness. Ultrasound is used to help physicians evaluate symptoms such as: pain swelling infection Ultrasound is a useful way of examining many of the bodys internal organs, including but not limited to the: heart and blood vessels, including the abdominal aorta and its major branches liver gallbladder spleen pancreas kidneys ladder uterus, ovaries, and unborn child (fetus) in pregnant patients eyes thyroid and parathyroid glands scrotum (testicles) Ultrasound is also used to : Guide procedures such as needle biopsies, in which needles are used to extract sample cells from an abnormal area for laboratory testing. Image the breasts and to guide biopsy of breast cancer (see the Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy page). Diagnose a variety of heart conditions and to assess damage after a heart attack or diagnose for uvular heart disease. Doppler ultrasound images can help the physician to see and evaluate: Blockages to blood flow (such as clots). Narrowing of vessels (which may be caused by plaque). Tumors and congenital malformation.

Eponymous Revisited

Eponymous Revisited Eponymous Revisited Eponymous Revisited By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, What is it with eponymous? I never understand its use. Eponymous is the adjective form of the noun eponym. It derives from the Greek combination epi (upon) + onyma (name). eponym noun: one who gives, or is supposed to give, his name to a people, place, or institution. The earliest application of eponymous was in the context of the names of countries, tribes, and nations. For example: Brutus, or  Brute of Troy, is a legendary descendant of the Trojan hero Aeneas, known in medieval British legend as the eponymous founder and first king of Britain.   Consider the case of  Pelops, the  eponymous  hero of the  Peloponnese. First, at this stage Jacob is not yet  the eponymous hero of  a united Israel, but only of the Northern Kingdom. [Jacob was given the name Israel when he wrestled the angel.]    In current usage, the phrase â€Å"eponymous hero† usually applies to the character for which a literary work is named. For example: Hot-Blooded Paolo is  the eponymous hero of  the novel Paolo  il Caldo (1964) by Vitaliano Brancati. On the universality of the westerner, exemplified by  the eponymous hero of  George Stevens’s Shane (1953), see Warshow, 150-151. The eponymous hero of  Goncharovs Oblomov (1858), who is unable to motivate himself to leave his bed, is the epitome of the passive hero.   American actress Betty Bronson starred as  the eponymous hero of  the film Peter Pan (1924). Eponymous can apply to anything that takes its name from a person. For example: Tesla  invented his  eponymous  coil in 1891.   Website of New York City designer Nancy Rose and her  eponymous designer sportswear. As for  John Birch, well never know what he would have thought of his  eponymous society. Note: I found several examples of the misspelling epynonymous. Related posts: The Eponymy Family 30 Words Inspired by 29 People and An Elephant Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowThat vs. Which10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

DDay Success or Disaster essays

DDay Success or Disaster essays Twenty years after the end of the First World War a man named Adolph Hitler of Germany began a Second World War. On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland, which had a treaty with France and England to protect them. The English, French and Polish were all unprepared to fight, and as a result were beaten terribly. By the next spring France had been totally taken by the Germans. While Germany and there allies, Italy, controlled all of the western part of Europe. England, France and now America had to figure a way to take the control of Europe again. There decision was to try and storm a beach in Normandy France. It would be one of the bloodiest war battles in U.S. History. This storming of Omaha Beach would be a success because even though the allies lost a lot of men, they still were able to take the beach, which led them to take the continent. This was the beginning of the end for Hitler and his Nazis. Hitler and his partners, Japan and Italy, made many mistakes, which op ened the door for the allied forces to make this operation possible. Germanys big mistake was that Hitler had assembled a massive naval fleet to try and invade England. Hitlers thinking was that if he did try to go against one of the greatest naval fleets in the world that he would not be able to get it done. He also realized that the British would anything to stop a German invasion. So Hitler delayed and eventually cancelled the attack. Even if he had lost the invasion into England, he could have at least damaged the British navy. His partner, Italy, had brought in northern Africa, and Japan brought the US in when they not only bombed the navy base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, but also hit other U.S. possessions like the Philippians. Now that the U.S. was in the war, Germany had its hands full. The allies kept planning a time when they could go ashore and take control of France again. In the summer of 1942 Britain and Canada actually t...

Goal Setting Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Goal Setting - Article Example How to set performance goals is the elite part of the book, that is, it helps the reader to aim and guide performance throughout the year. Such kind of performance enhancing goals provide the opportunity to evaluate employee performance, and it even renders help to recognize the barriers of performance which may hinder the real growth of persons or institutions. The book itself claims that is can â€Å"create a common understanding of expectations, improve one’s ability to track progress all year long and reduce the stress and anxiety associated with performance reviews when the review criteria are fuzzy or vague. To cap it all, one can infer that this book mainly focuses on setting performance goals. Through the work, the author reminds the vital role of careful planning, thoughtful strategy, and the faithful and consistent execution are all factors of success. In order to achieve this, one has to keep a strong determination based on a well planned goal setting. According to him, â€Å"Before actions are taken, a goal must exist.† Here the author regards goal are of two types—personal or professional, or it could be a team’s common purpose which one has to aim at. After reading the book, one realizes that setting goal is not as easy as one thinks. It has an extraordinary power which can make an overall change in one’s business or personal life. Author ends the book by revealing the vital role of discovering the purpose for goals and goal setting in a person’s life and in such away the book attracts the readers. The journal article entitled â€Å"Tips On Setting Goals - Setting Goals Objectives† by Cheryline Lawson gives informative ideas about the process of goal setting. Each and every person has goals that are mental, physical, personal, professional, and economical and family oriented. The article reveals various methods or tips of setting goals. One of the best methods to set goals is to write it down and keep it one’s memory. Finding

Higher Order Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Higher Order Thinking - Essay Example The three lowest levels of taxonomy are knowledge, understanding and application. Three highest levels are analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Analysis has to do with figuring out something on your own, i.e., an individual cannot be just repeating what he reads or hears. It is seeing how something works. An individual discerns what is connected to what. A student gets at why something is happening. During synthesis process, iIf analysis is taking things apart to see what makes them tick, synthesis is putting things together. Synthesis is solving a problem, making something whole out of a bunch of pieces nobody told you how to put together, or creating or devising something (Bloom, 1956). Evaluation is deciding on your own, and in an informed way, whether something is preferable; whether it has merit or worth; or whether it is morally right, just, or fair. Personal Meaning is reflection on the personal significance, consequence, or implication of some object of concern. It is importan t to help students recognize that all concepts are in some way related to one another. This is one reason concept mapping can be a very powerful evaluation tool. The main limitation of Bloom’s taxonomy is that it is not a strategy but a model which explains main thinking skills. It does not help to solve problems and develop effective critical thinking skills. Bloom explains some ideas and the concept of thinking but he does not explain how this model can be and should be applied to real world situations. His main works on taxonomy are Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Cognitive Dimension (1956). Another model of high order thinking was developed by Robert Marzano. Marzano adopted Bloom's taxonomy but added new characteristics to the model. This model consists of 8 characteristics: focusing, information gathering, remembering, organizing, analyzing, generating, integrating, evaluating. The ideology of Marzano is based on the idea that: "When content is new, students must be guided in relating the new knowledge to what they already know, organizing and then using that new knowledge. Knowledge can be of two types: Declarative (i.e., attributes, rules) or procedural (skills and processes). Items of this type are factual and content-specific" (Marzano 1995, p. 87). The main works by Marzano are Dimensions of thinking : a framework for curriculum and instruction (1988), Cultivating thinking in English and the language arts (1991), The systematic identification and articulation of content standards and benchmarks (1995). The most recent model based on Bloom's taxonomy is Anderson/Krathwohl mode (2000). According to this model, the following levels of thinking exist: (1) remembering: Retrieving, recalling, or recognizing, (2) understanding, (3) applying, (4) analyzing, (5) evaluating, (6) creating. The advantage of this model is that there isare student choice, exploration, or creative challenge. There is opportunity for students to collaborate, develop facility with language, and work with ideas. There is chance for students to write or say what they deeply care about. In sum, classrooms are all too teacher dominated, mechanical, and pedestrian for my blood. Whatever gains may result from mastery learning--and, remember the last section, they are significant--too often they are purchased at the expense of pointing us away from what really matters in education, that students learn how to take charge of their own learning and growth and empower themselves to live freely. The main problem describes the main stages of thinking but tells little about real life application and connections between these stages (Dettmer, 2006). In spite of limitations and weaknesses these models become a core of modern education helping teachers to construct tests

Experience at clinical hospital Neurological ward Essay Example for Free

Experience at clinical hospital Neurological ward Essay I was a specialist at a children’s clinical hospital ward. Royal Glamorgan Hospital in Llantrisant. This hospital offers services to children such as inpatient neurology, neurosurgeon, radiology, neuropathology and paediatrics neurology with the children department. This work as it sounds is highly specialized and can only be achieved in a center with high and excellent academicians and research done regularly. Some work such as Neuro-radiology is highly specialized and is only provided in a few centers in the U.  K. Which dictates regular increase knowledge by consulting references, identifying learning resources within the center and making use of them. I was a neurologist which means I attended to Brain and Nervous system diseases. Due to the fact that they are few centers taking care of Neurologist. Difficult cases are referred to our clinics. For instance stroke, brain saving treatments are available if the patients are seen, scanned and diagnosed on time in specialist centers. As a neurologists, I was interested in dealing directly with emergency care but hospital senate was usually interested on how many patients are attended which leaves the emergency care to non-specialists. On this particular week I was on duty or what this center called a call. That means for 24 hours a day and 7 days am available for emergency referrals. On Monday that week a very young child was aged 9 years had a brain biopsy, he was on the intensive care unit. I was not sure what is wrong which was a difficult time for me and his family. I requested for a brain test, which helped me diagnose the problem. I had an interest on multiple sclerosis. Children will have an attack once an year, eventually there was no treatment but now we had it only that it is too expensive, money had run out for the treatment, how cumbersome!. In the afternoon, I had a general neurology clinic at the hospital. I was also following on the patient who were fourteen in number those that I had been treating but seventeen have booked in. This was so frustrating because I would not give my patients attention as desired. In the evening I would return to the ward to see a patient I have not been there so files had really piled up. At night I received a call concerning a patient who have fever and there are no doctors so I went back. Tuesday I was on call for emergencies but routine work went on, Traffic was very built up so I had to leave early to get there by 8. 00 am. and its 10 miles. Tuesday afternoon a child with a bad headache was admitted, I was worried she had a clot in her head. Radiologist said the brain scan could stay until morning but I objected and supported an immediate brain scan. Wednesday I began by paper work then proceeded to give attention to my patients in the ward. In the afternoon there was multidisciplinary Neuro inflammatory clinic at 2pm. As the hospital had 15 beds, I could not pay attention to all these patients so I gave advice to those who were in General medicine. I was called to see a patient with a weak leg he had a scan which ruled out an operation but we dint know why the leg was weak I recommended some more scans. Thursday We get to the office and do paperwork, I saw some of the patients, had a long talk with a couple whose child had a massive brain cycles. Friday I had a clinic in the morning. I tried to be as responsible as possible to all our patients. We were attending to three patients each week to assess new symptoms to see if the patients will need a treatment. We also collected disability date with use of questionnaires which we then did a careful neurological examination. I got a call from the bone marrow transplant unit to see a child who had been in a coma for 24 hours. The question was whether he was epileptic. However he was given a sedative treatment for that day. We arranged an emergent brain test and it looked like the coma was from infection or metabolic problems given that his liver was not functioning well or maybe he was reacting from yesterday’s drug. While working at the hospital, the pharmacist working in the department,gave medication to a patient who I had been treating, but the patient died. The family was convinced that the medication was the main reason as to why the child died. The family went ahead and sued him and the regarded it as a second degree manslaughter. He chose me as his attorney as I was the one in charge of neurological childrens ward which I reluctantly accepted. I found myself so confused, I was not sure I wanted to do this but due to the fact that I was in charge neurological ward for children I had to. To be the attorney defending the pharmacist. I was not sure which way to go I was caught up in a moral dilemma. I felt that the pharmacist would have been more careful in serving the customers in accordance to the domains of conduct and competence. On the other hand, I felt that I should be with him in that trying time. It was also a difficult time for me. It was a real test for my ethical standards. This is because I felt so carried away by the family’s reaction which I felt were justified. The second degree manslaughter, is a difficult case an attorney can take. Defending a person against murder charges whether attempted murder or manslaughter requires every possible weapon even if the prosecution is weak. This involuntary manslaughter usually carries four years. The Pharmacist was so worried and nervous feared for the worst since the prosecution seemed very strong. When he stood in the docket to testify, there was nothing he said that seemed to satisfy the judge, which placed us in a worse situation than we were already in. This was the first time I was being an attorney in any ones case so that particular morning I was so confused. I tried to relax and get all the facts right concerning the case. When my time came to stand in the docket I was very composed. So I gave my testimony as the neurosurgeon who was in charge that week. I argued that they were many conditions that surrounded the death of the boy. The death was not necessarily caused by the medication the patient was in bad shape which may have mainly contributed to his death. At this juncture it looked like am convincing the judge who then asked me to give a document backing my testimony which I handed over to him. The patient who was a ten year body had suffered from stroke which was very serious. The pharmacist seemed to relax a little bit when the judge finally started to nod his head in agreement. I concluded my testimony by stating that the death of the patient was surrounded by many instances which was hard to draw any conclusion. The prosecutors were given a chance to give their evidence, they argued that the boy was fine until he took the medication. We were told to came back in the afternoon to hear the judges verdict. We came back at two in the afternoon. There was anxiety and tension in the court room as we awaited the judge verdict. The Judge threw out the prosecution as murder charge which he said the evidence was inadequate to support such a conviction of murder. The prosecutor could not take that and vowed to appeal, calling the judge decision as â€Å"ultra vires†. The lead prosecutor complained to the judge accusing him of committing the offense of negligence. We were very excited and drove to the hospital feeling very achieved. This two experiences gave me more confidence to face future challenges, it was very hard in the beginning. With time I was able to learn so much, the reason I included the week when I was in duty is because it gave me the most experience it was a week of career growth without depending on the more experienced specialists. This week also, I was able to measure my performance and how I could improve. In addition, I discovered my weakness which I hope to overcome as I advance in my career. I also noticed the importance of giving high quality services to my patient as it gives satisfaction and happiness to know that you did you did your best. When I needed to top up my knowledge I consulted other more experienced specialists or visited the hospitals library. which had enough resources. This helped me improve on my knowledge, which I hope to widen further as a advance in my career.

Artistic Expression in 18th and 19th Century America :: American America History

Artistic Expression in 18th and 19th Century America The first settlers in the New World faced unpredictable hardships. The men of the Virginia colony had enough trouble learning to live off the land, let alone having to defend themselves from native attacks. Famine proved to be a hard obstacle to conquer for all of the new colonies. New England, while having a more suitable climate for the prevention of diseases, also had its conflicts with local tribes. The Puritan ideals of New England were very strict especially in regard to private indulgences, including art. The only type of art that was "acceptable", were portraits, almost exclusively of upper class citizens and clergy. Through the years leading up to the revolution, however, as the population became diversified, new ideas started to influence popular thought. There were many different cultures coexisting as well as different social classes. However, as was the standard in Europe, only the upper class people were part of the "art world". Look at paintings from the per revolutionary era, including The Mason Children: David, Joanna, Abigail, (unknown artist), Hanna Minot Moody (Joseph Badger), New England Merchant (Charles W. Peale), Portrait of Elizabeth, The Artist's Daughter (John Singleton Copley), we notice many similarities among them. As stated previously, they are all portraits. All of the subjects are portrayed in very fine clothes and are obviously posing for the painting. Most of these works have little or nothing at all in the background. One gets a very "cold and sterile" feeling when looking at these, and they are most certainly intended not for artistic expression but simply to record the image. "As late as 1800, owing to the limited economy of the Colonies as well as the Puritan’s prejudice against idolatry and their regard for art as a luxury, portraiture was the only accepted form of expression in painting." (Bazin 341). In the period following the American Revolution up to the turn of the eighteenth century, we start to see some subtle yet significant changes in the popular artwork. We can see a much bolder use of color and background, as in C.W. Peale’s Benjamin and Eleanor Ridgely Laming (1788) and Mather Brown’s Sir Richard Arkwright (1790). Emotion is shown of the faces of the subjects and Ralph Earl showed the Striker Sisters (1787) with their arms around each other and pleasant, happy smiles on their faces. Mr. Peale’s work shows the physical attraction between Benjamin and Eleanor.

Nursing Profession

The Registered Nurse: Roles and Responsibilities from Past to PresentThe nursing profession forms a complex set of responsibilities that leans toward health care and well being. The Royal College of Nursing established six principles that elucidate the concept of the nursing profession. These six principles include the purpose, line of work, coverage, focus, value enhancement, and partnership programsSupporting health and preventing the occurrence of certain medical conditions and illnesses are the primary goals of nursing. The second principle is that the nursing profession serves as a mode of intervention, which determines the totality of an individual’s health care needs and looks through the attainment of these necessities. The domain that the nursing profession covers is limited to the health care needs of individuals, including physiological, psychological, mental, and social requirements.The fourth principle discusses the focus of the profession that lies on the entire being of a person with regards to health care treatment. Moreover, the foundations of the nursing practice are based on morally and ethically inclined responsibilities to human life. The sixth and the last principles of the nursing profession is the establishment of partnership of nurses with patients and their families, and other health care professionals in order to accomplish all the goals of nursing.Registered nurses are deemed to build the foundation of health care facilities. They carry out several roles and responsibilities such as involvements in patient care and instruction, health care assessments, and patient plans regarding discharge. Other known responsibilities of registered nurses include in depth knowledge about drugs and medicines for purposeful patient administration, as well as equipments and services in health care facilities, and the expression of care and compassion for those who are in dire need of health care attention.Over time, the roles and responsibilitie s of registered nurses have changed with the advent of technological advancements and the shifts to community health nursing. Technology offers nurses the opportunity for professional encroachment, as they are required to learn about new assistive technologies that are designed to assist in health care administration. Moreover, the shift of nursing practices to focus more on community health nursing emphasizes on the roles of nurses as an educator of health care practices and principles to the community. The nursing profession has also become specialized as nurses acquire specific roles within the health care facility.Becoming a NurseThere are several specializations available for nurses, such as available jobs in hospitals, clinics, residential homes, private home practice, etc. The route to becoming a nurse is dependent on an individual’s decisions regarding the type of nurse one wants to become. Nursing requires intensive education, because of the complexity of nursing rol es and responsibilities. Therefore, individuals must be willing to get involved with the demanding nature of nursing education. Moreover, individuals must be mentally and psychologically prepared to take on various challenging positions that nursing education might require.The Educational Aspect of Becoming a NurseThe educational aspect of nursing varies because of the differences and limitations with regards to the different nursing roles and specialization. Individuals may opt to start in school with an ADN (Associate Degree in Nursing), Hospital Diploma, or a BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing). An Associate Degree only requires two years of schooling. The obtainment of a diploma requires three years, and the Bachelor of Science Degree requires four years. Nursing schools require the completion of several courses, mostly related to sciences, and the attainment of standards regarding grade point averages. To become a registered nurse, passing the NCLEX is important. (â€Å"Becom e a Registered Nurse†)What do they Do?Individuals with hospital or nursing diplomas are more hands on with their work, although limited in in depth knowledge and skills of the nursing profession. An Associate Degree in Nursing, like the Hospital Diploma, is limited to the acquisition of technical skills only. For wider skills in management and administration, continuing to earn a Bachelor of Science Degree in education is advisable.Types of Nurses, and Where They WorkThere are several types of registered nurses, the associate nurse, the nurse who has completed a Bachelor of Science Degree, and the Nursing Practitioner. The Associate Nurse earned two years of education concentrating on one year of science related courses and another year for nursing practice. Associate Nurses have the opportunity to work in Extensive Care (outpatient, etc.), hospitals (specializing in medical surgery assistance), and private care (in a doctor’s office).Associate nurses are able to develo p their professions through further education and gaining experience in extensive care and hospitals, in becoming medical doctors, registered nurses, and a certified nursing assistant. For those who are in private care, alternatives include being medical doctors or registered nurses.Individuals who have gained a Bachelor’s degree in nursing may work in Extensive Care or hospitals. Job specifications are significantly concentrated on the managerial level in Extensive Care and more crucial jobs in hospitals, such as monitoring all aspects of health care and the administration of patient treatments, planning health care plans in intensive care, getting involved in community based health care, etc.For individuals who have completed a Bachelor’s degree in nursing, the role of nursing practitioner is open to them through the obtainment of a Masters Degree. Nursing practitioners, as they are able to work in hospitals and work in private care, are more like doctors, such that they are able to prescribe drugs and medications to their patients. By earning a master’s degree, they gain in depth knowledge about diagnostics and evaluation of health conditions. Moreover, nursing practitioners are able to administer patient referrals. Earning a master’s degree is important as it enhances their skills in preparation of being a nursing practitioner by undergoing research, social work, health care management, and health care education. These roles form the comprehensive roles and responsibilities of the nursing practitioner.Referencesâ€Å"Become a Registered Nurse.† (2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008, from All Star Directories, Inc.  Website: http://www.allnursingschools.com/faqs/be_rn.phpâ€Å"Registered Nurse-Associates.† (2004). Retrieved May 10, 2008, from MHA Health CareersCenter. Website: http://www.mshealthcareers.com/careers/rn-associates.htmRoyal College of Nursing. (2003). â€Å"Defining Nursing.† Retrieved May 9, 2008, f rom The RoyalCollege of Nursing. Website Nursing Profession The Registered Nurse: Roles and Responsibilities from Past to PresentThe nursing profession forms a complex set of responsibilities that leans toward health care and well being. The Royal College of Nursing established six principles that elucidate the concept of the nursing profession. These six principles include the purpose, line of work, coverage, focus, value enhancement, and partnership programsSupporting health and preventing the occurrence of certain medical conditions and illnesses are the primary goals of nursing. The second principle is that the nursing profession serves as a mode of intervention, which determines the totality of an individual’s health care needs and looks through the attainment of these necessities. The domain that the nursing profession covers is limited to the health care needs of individuals, including physiological, psychological, mental, and social requirements.The fourth principle discusses the focus of the profession that lies on the entire being of a person with regards to health care treatment. Moreover, the foundations of the nursing practice are based on morally and ethically inclined responsibilities to human life. The sixth and the last principles of the nursing profession is the establishment of partnership of nurses with patients and their families, and other health care professionals in order to accomplish all the goals of nursing.Registered nurses are deemed to build the foundation of health care facilities. They carry out several roles and responsibilities such as involvements in patient care and instruction, health care assessments, and patient plans regarding discharge. Other known responsibilities of registered nurses include in depth knowledge about drugs and medicines for purposeful patient administration, as well as equipments and services in health care facilities, and the expression of care and compassion for those who are in dire need of health care attention.Over time, the roles and responsibilitie s of registered nurses have changed with the advent of technological advancements and the shifts to community health nursing. Technology offers nurses the opportunity for professional encroachment, as they are required to learn about new assistive technologies that are designed to assist in health care administration. Moreover, the shift of nursing practices to focus more on community health nursing emphasizes on the roles of nurses as an educator of health care practices and principles to the community. The nursing profession has also become specialized as nurses acquire specific roles within the health care facility.Becoming a NurseThere are several specializations available for nurses, such as available jobs in hospitals, clinics, residential homes, private home practice, etc. The route to becoming a nurse is dependent on an individual’s decisions regarding the type of nurse one wants to become. Nursing requires intensive education, because of the complexity of nursing rol es and responsibilities. Therefore, individuals must be willing to get involved with the demanding nature of nursing education. Moreover, individuals must be mentally and psychologically prepared to take on various challenging positions that nursing education might require.The Educational Aspect of Becoming a NurseThe educational aspect of nursing varies because of the differences and limitations with regards to the different nursing roles and specialization. Individuals may opt to start in school with an ADN (Associate Degree in Nursing), Hospital Diploma, or a BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing). An Associate Degree only requires two years of schooling. The obtainment of a diploma requires three years, and the Bachelor of Science Degree requires four years. Nursing schools require the completion of several courses, mostly related to sciences, and the attainment of standards regarding grade point averages. To become a registered nurse, passing the NCLEX is important. (â€Å"Becom e a Registered Nurse†)What do they Do?Individuals with hospital or nursing diplomas are more hands on with their work, although limited in in depth knowledge and skills of the nursing profession. An Associate Degree in Nursing, like the Hospital Diploma, is limited to the acquisition of technical skills only. For wider skills in management and administration, continuing to earn a Bachelor of Science Degree in education is advisable.Types of Nurses, and Where They WorkThere are several types of registered nurses, the associate nurse, the nurse who has completed a Bachelor of Science Degree, and the Nursing Practitioner. The Associate Nurse earned two years of education concentrating on one year of science related courses and another year for nursing practice. Associate Nurses have the opportunity to work in Extensive Care (outpatient, etc.), hospitals (specializing in medical surgery assistance), and private care (in a doctor’s office). Associate nurses are able to devel op their professions through further education and gaining experience in extensive care and hospitals, in becoming medical doctors, registered nurses, and a certified nursing assistant. For those who are in private care, alternatives include being medical doctors or registered nurses.Individuals who have gained a Bachelor’s degree in nursing may work in Extensive Care or hospitals. Job specifications are significantly concentrated on the managerial level in Extensive Care and more crucial jobs in hospitals, such as monitoring all aspects of health care and the administration of patient treatments, planning health care plans in intensive care, getting involved in community based health care, etc.For individuals who have completed a Bachelor’s degree in nursing, the role of nursing practitioner is open to them through the obtainment of a Masters Degree. Nursing practitioners, as they are able to work in hospitals and work in private care, are more like doctors, such that they are able to prescribe drugs and medications to their patients. By earning a master’s degree, they gain in depth knowledge about diagnostics and evaluation of health conditions. Moreover, nursing practitioners are able to administer patient referrals. Earning a master’s degree is important as it enhances their skills in preparation of being a nursing practitioner by undergoing research, social work, health care management, and health care education. These roles form the comprehensive roles and responsibilities of the nursing practitioner.Referencesâ€Å"Become a Registered Nurse.† (2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008, from All Star Directories, Inc.Website: http://www.allnursingschools.com/faqs/be_rn.phpâ€Å"Registered Nurse-Associates.† (2004). Retrieved May 10, 2008, from MHA Health CareersCenter. Website: http://www.mshealthcareers.com/careers/rn-associates.htmRoyal College of Nursing. (2003). â€Å"Defining Nursing.† Retrieved May 9, 2008, from The RoyalCollege of Nursing. Website: http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/78564/001983.pdf

Discrimintion

Discrimination has similar meaning as Inequity or favouritism. Discrimination is a considerable common problem throughout the world. Especially girls have to face discrimination everywhere in the world. For example in the remote areas of Pakistan like Sindh, girls school entries are less as compared to boys and girls are forced to stay at home and help in household tasks. This Is the vulnerable misery of the girl child in our society.By depriving to the right of education girls are also deprived from the benefits which are associated with education for example Job right and right to ake decisions or simply one can say that girls are deprived of liberty. Same is the situation for girls while taking their marital decisions. Girls are not allowed to choose spouse of their own choice but boys are free to take such declslons.Similarly, other discriminations also exist In our society for example even in this modern era when some Jobs are announced it is clearly mentions on the job advertis ement that only males can apply this Is profession discrimination. Also in some cases females are not given equal status as male staff and females have to face allot of problems related to heir Jobs.Beside these, there are also other examples of discriminations in many societies for example Indian society is one of the best examples of discrimination on the basis of caste, lower castes are not allowed to make any relation with people who belong to upper caste. Discrimination on the basis of class Is also common In some societies many countries can be coated in this aspect of discrimination like Indian society. Also Sometimes an individual with disabilities is treated badly if some misshapen occur due to his disability, this type of discrimination arises from isabilities of people.Discrimination on the basis of colour is also existing in westerns societies where white people are given more importance than black people but now the trends are changing with increasing education. Educati on is the key that can change the behaviour of people towards gender discrimination and bring changes specially in developing countries Ilke Pakistan. Education Is essential to end gender unfairness, but first of all elimination of poverty is must that makes discrimination even worse In the developing world.

The History of Coca-Cola and John Pemberton

The History of Coca-Cola and John Pemberton In May 1886, Coca-Cola was invented by Doctor John Pemberton, a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. According to the Coca-Cola Company, Pemberton developed the syrup for the famed beverage, which was sampled at the local Jacobs Pharmacy and deemed to be excellent. The syrup was combined with carbonated water to create a new Delicious and Refreshing drink. Pemberton concocted the famed Coca-Cola formula in a three-legged brass kettle in his backyard.   Birth of Coca-Cola The name of Coca-Cola was a suggestion given by Pembertons bookkeeper Frank Robinson. As the recipe for the syrup called for coca leaf extract and caffeine from the kola nut, the name Coca Kola was easy to come up with. However, Robinson, who was known for having excellent penmanship, thought that using two Cs in the name would look striking in advertising. As such kola became cola, and the brand name was born. Robinson can also be credited with creating the first scripted Coca-Cola using the flowing letters that serve as the famous logo of today. The soft drink was first sold to the public at the soda fountain in Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta on May 8, 1886. About nine servings of the soft drink were sold each day. Sales for that first year added up to a total of about $50. The first year of business wasnt much of a success, though, as it cost Pemberton over $70 in expenses to create the drink, resulting in a loss. Asa Candler In 1887, another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, Asa Candler, bought the formula for Coca-Cola from  Pemberton for $2,300. Unfortunately, Pemberton died just a few years later. By the late 1890s, Coca-Cola was one of Americas most popular fountain drinks, largely due to Candlers aggressive marketing of the product. With Candler now at the helm, the Coca-Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 4,000 percent between 1890 and 1900. While the Coca-Cola Company denies this claim, historical evidence shows that it is likely that, until 1905, the soft drink, which was marketed as a tonic, contained extracts of cocaine as well as the caffeine-rich kola nut. While cocaine wasnt considered illegal until 1914, according to Live Science,  Candler began removing cocaine from the recipe in the early 1900s, and traces of cocaine may have been present in the famous beverage until 1929 when scientists were able to  perfect the removal of  all psychoactive elements from the coca-leaf extract. Advertising was an important factor in the successful sales of Coca-Cola, and by the turn of the century, the drink was sold across the United States and Canada. Around the same time, the company began selling syrup to independent bottling companies licensed to sell the drink. Even today, the U.S. soft drink industry is organized on this principle. Death of the Soda Fountain; Rise of the Bottling Industry Until the 1960s, both small-town and big-city dwellers enjoyed carbonated beverages at the local soda fountain or ice cream saloon. Often housed in the drugstore, the soda fountain counter served as a meeting place for people of all ages. Often combined with lunch counters, the soda fountain declined in popularity as commercial ice cream, bottled soft drinks, and fast-food restaurants became popular. The Birth and Death of New Coke On April 23, 1985, the trade secret New Coke formula was launched in response to declining sales thanks to an increasingly competitive cola market.  However, the new recipe was considered a failure. Coca-Cola fans had a negative, some say hostile, reaction to the new recipe, and within three months, the original cola that captured the hearts and tastebuds of the public returned. The return of the original cola taste came with new branding of Coca-Cola Classic. New Coke remained on the shelves, and in 1992 was rebranded Coke II, before finally being discontinued in 2002. As of 2017, Coca-Cola is a publicly-traded Fortune 500 company with more than $41.3 billion in annual revenue. The company has a workforce of 146,200 employees, and  its products are consumed at a rate of more than one billion drinks per day. Advertising Efforts: Id Like to Buy the World a Coke In 1969, The Coca-Cola Company and its advertising agency, McCann-Erickson, ended their popular Things Go Better With Coke campaign, replacing it with a campaign that centered on the slogan Its the Real Thing. Beginning with a hit song, the new campaign featured what proved to be one of the most popular ads ever created. The song Id Like to Buy the World a Coke was the brainchild of Bill Backer, the creative director on the Coca-Cola As he explained to songwriters Billy Davis and Roger Cook, I could see and hear a song that treated the whole world as if it were a person - a person the singer would like to help and get to know. Im not sure how the lyric should start, but I know the last line. With that he pulled out the paper napkin on which he had scribbled the line, Id like to buy the world a Coke and keep it company. On February 12, 1971, Id Like to Buy the World a Coke was shipped to radio stations throughout the United States. It promptly flopped. The Coca-Cola bottlers hated the ad and most refused to buy airtime for it. The few times the ad was played, the public paid no attention. Backer persuaded McCann to convince Coca-Cola executives that the ad was still viable but needed a visual dimension. The company eventually approved more than $250,000 for filming, at the time one of the largest budgets ever devoted to a television commercial. A Commercial Success The television ad Id Like to Buy the World a Coke was released in the United States in July 1971 and the response was immediate and dramatic. By November of that year, Coca-Cola and its bottlers had received more than 100,000 letters about the ad. Demand for the song was so great, many people called radio stations and asked deejays to play the commercial. Id Like to Buy the World a Coke made a lasting connection with the viewing public. Advertising surveys consistently identify it as one of the best commercials of all time, and the sheet music continues to sell more than 30  years after the song was written. A tribute to the success of the campaign, the commercial resurfaced over 40 years after it first launched, making an appearance in the finale of the hit TV show Mad Men in 2015.

Indirect Questions in English for ESL Learners

Indirect Questions in English for ESL Learners Indirect questions are a form used to be more polite in English. Consider the following situation: You are talking to a man at a meeting that you have never met. However, you know his name and also that this man knows a colleague named Jack. You turn to him and ask, Where is Jack? You might find that the man seems a little bothered and says he doesnt know. He isnt very friendly. You wonder why he seems bothered. Its probably because you didnt introduce yourself, didnt say excuse me, and- most importantly- you asked a direct question. Direct questions might be  considered rude when speaking to strangers. To be more polite we often use indirect question forms. Indirect questions serve the same purpose as direct questions but are considered more formal. One of the main reasons for this is that English does not have a formal you form. In other languages, its possible to use the formal you in order to make sure you are polite. In English, we turn to indirect questions. Forming Indirect Questions Information questions are posed using the question words where, what, when, how, why, and which. In order to form an indirect question,  use an introductory phrase followed by the question itself in positive sentence structure: Introductory phrase question word   positive sentence Connect the two phrases with the question word or ‘if’ in the case the question is a yes/no question. that begins without a question word. Examples Where is Jack? I was wondering if you know where Jack is.When does Alice usually arrive? Do you know when Alice usually arrives?What have you done this week? Can you tell me what youve done this week?How much does it cost? Id like to know how much it costs.Which color suits me? Im not sure which color suits me.  Why did he leave his job? I wonder why he left his job. Common Phrases Here are some of the most common phrases used for asking indirect questions. Many of these phrases are questions (i.e., Do you know when the next train leaves?), while others are statements made to indicate a question (i.e., I wonder if he will be on time.). Do you know †¦ ?I wonder / was wondering †¦.Can you tell me †¦ ?Do you happen to know ...?I have no idea ...Im not sure ...Id like to know ... Sometimes we also use these phrases to indicate that wed like some more information: Do you know when the concert begins?I wonder when he will arrive.Can you tell me how to check out a book.I’m not sure what he considers appropriate.I don’t know if he is coming to the party this evening. Quiz Now that you have a good understanding of indirect questions. Heres a short quiz to test your understanding. Take each direct question and create an indirect question with an introductory phrase. What time does the train leave?How long will the meeting last?When does he get off work?Why have they waited so long to react?Are you coming to the party tomorrow?Which car should I choose?Where are the books for the class?Does he enjoy hiking?How much does the computer cost?Will they attend the conference next month? Answers The answers use a variety of introductory phrases. There are many introductory phrases that are correct, only one is shown. Make sure to check the word order of the second half of your answer. Can you tell me what time the train leaves?I have no idea how long the meeting will last.Im not sure when he gets off work.  Do you know why they have waited so long to react?I wonder if you are coming to the party tomorrow.Im not sure which care I should choose.Can you tell me where the books for the class are?I dont know if he enjoys hiking.Do you happen to know how much the computer costs?Im not sure if they will attend the conference next month.

Organization Theories Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization Theories - Term Paper Example The paper will explain how the organization applies different theories that are part of the complex organizational theory. The paper will focus on how the organization displays all the perspectives of the theory from the classical perspective to the neo-classical perspective. DOL’s characteristics will also be a main area of interest in the paper. Introduction and background of the organization The United States Department of Labor is a large global organization that is one of the departments of the cabinet in the United States. The organization falls under the classification of a complex organization. A complex organization is one which requires strong management bases, and that is beyond the management of a single individual. The mission statement of the organizations summarizes the main functions of the organization. The main functions of the organization are to maintain occupational safety, wage limits, standards of working hours, insurance benefit for the unemployed, and various employment statistics (United States Department of Labor, 2012). Therefore, it is clear that the main concern of DOL is creating an enabling environment that helps in improving the performance and productivity of the employees (United Sates Department of Labor, 2012). The United States Secretary of Labor occupies the highest rank in the hierarchical structure of DOL. DOL classifies its workers by assigning them some codes that are alphabetically arranged. Workers have different codes depending on the rank they occupy in the orga nization (United Sates Department of Labor, 2012). The hierarchical structure in DOL is such that each member becomes aware of his or her duties and responsibilities, and the expected level of performance. However, a critical analysis of the organization will reveal other authoritative hierarchies other than the main hierarchy. Management practices of the organization DOL capitalizes on the impacts of enhancing efficiency of operations in production. Improved efficiency in production leads to the overall success of an organization in the given field. Thus, the organization uses the model of the scientific management theory as a guide towards increasing its overall performance. Taylor’s scientific management theory suggests that efficiency and production should be the key values of any organization. Taylor argues that if an organization defines tasks and operations well and provides incentives to its workers, then the organization is destined to be successful in its operations . DOL exhibits the characteristics of Taylor’s model because its main objective is to establish a platform that looks at the welfare of all workers within and outside the United States. The organization uses cost-effective methods of ensuring that her members are conversant with the current trends in the world and enlightens them for available job opportunities that may arise in the market. It also has training facilities for the employees that help them in adapting to emerging issues and demand. These are among the factors that Taylor refers to as incentives of increasing performance and efficiency. DOL makes sure that all its operations and procedures rhyme across all its members and stakeholders. This is possible due to availability and strength of the available channel of communication between the management and employees. Employees are also part of the major decisions of the organization despite their rank in the hierarchical structure of the organization. This implies t hat there is a complete and continuous flow of

Discuss the american political parties, their characteristics, their Essay

Discuss the american political parties, their characteristics, their organizations and their battles - Essay Example Because of decentralization s of power structures, the president cannot assume that all the senators from his party will vote with him on a bill. Members occasionally vote against their party (Schaffner 57). A political party is a group of people who run candidates for public office under its banner, this definition does not cover all aspects of political parties; nonetheless it hits close enough to home. Bearing in mind that democracy is one of the main pillars on which America as a nation stands, by extension, this means that political parties cannot be divorced from the American people since democracy cannot be achieved in the absence of political parties. Parties serve a myriad of roles, and they organize and staff both executive and legislative branches on a state and national level. Parties are made up of electorate voters who are loyal and readily identify with it in and all its ideologies (Bibby and Schaffner). Then there is the organizing part of the party consisting of party official’s volunteers as well as salaried employees. The highest echelon of the party is constituted of the candidates, and other party holders, these people run for the positions and take power when the party wins. As such, everyone who supports the party in any capacity, from the disinterested voter to the volunteers to the party boss and candidate is a member. Functions of parties are diverse and they include serving as intermediaries between the people and government, and this way bringing scattered elements of citizenry under the same umbrella. Conducting nominations for the party candidates to contest for office as well as organizing government, this is if they get the presidency, they form the government for the 4-year term before the next election. The art that is not elected in serves as the opposition and they enhance accountability by ensuring the government in office does not abuse its power or slacken in fulfilling its election promises (Bibby and

Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance - Essay Example "Virulence" and "pathogenicity" refer to the ability of bacteria to cause disease. "Bacteria are complex (while viruses must "live" in a "host" (us), bacteria can live independently) and so are easier to kill" (Antibiotics, Bacteria and (usually not) Viruses 2007). The traditional criteria for establishing that a bacterium is responsible for a disease have been Koch's postulates, which were developed in 1882. Although serving well for many years, these postulates have limitations: (1) not all bacteria can be cultured, (2) not all members of a species are equally virulent, and (3) adequate animal hosts are not always available. Host susceptibility is an important virulence factor for bacteria. The first important step in bacterial pathogenesis is adherence to a host cell. This occurs by means of pili, which consist of long rods that extend out from the bacterial surface. The tips of the pili contain proteins that attach to host cell receptors. In some cases, "pilin, the protein subuni ts of the pilus shaft, attach to the host cell's receptors. In addition to pili, bacterial surface proteins called adhesins attach firmly to the host cells" (Walsh 2003, p. 34). Sometimes the host makes antibodies against pili or adhesin proteins, and this induces the bacteria to make different types of adhesins. Only Gramnegative bacteria make adhesins; the mechanism of how Gram-positive bacteria attach to a host cell is not known (Walsh 2003). The virulence of many bacterial pathogens is due to the toxins they produce, which disrupt normal cell functions and cause cell death. Scholar and Pratt (2000) explain that "exotoxins are proteins that are excreted by dividing bacteria. Exotoxins that attack a variety of cell types are called cytotoxins" (p. 76); those that attack a particular cell type or tissue have specific names, such as neurotoxin, leukotoxin, hepatotoxin, or cardiotoxin. Exotoxins can be associated with a specific bacterial disease. In addition to toxic proteins, pathogenic bacteria also produce hydrolytic enzymes that degrade host tissues and disseminate bacteria within the host. Heat-shock proteins produced by bacteria stimulate autoimmune responses so that host antibodies and T-cells attack healthy host cells (Scholar and Pratt 2000). The essential property that differentiates antibiotics from antiseptics is that they are sufficiently selective to allow their use within the body, rather than just on the surface. This selective toxicity is not absolute but it is quantifiable as we shall see in chapter 6. There is, therefore, always room for improvements and developing drug licensing regulations seek improvements in the comparative safety of antibiotics. "Antibiotics work by destroying either the proteins that build a bacterium's cell wall or the protein-producing ribosomes" (Greene 2000, p. 23). The drug must inhibit the target bacteria at lower concentrations, usually much lower, than those concentrations that produce toxic effects in humans. Some antibiotics can be given in very high doses without toxic effects, e.g. penicillins, but others may produce serious toxicity at levels that are not much above those required for treatment of infection. Many alterations to antibiotics have been made to improve this select ivity; though with some antibiotics this is virtually impossible to achieve. The most selective antibiotics tend to be those that inhibit a process in bacteria that does

Causes and Spread of Infection Essay Example for Free

Causes and Spread of Infection Essay 1. Understand the causes of infection. 1.1 Identify the differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Bacteria – a single cell micro-organism that gets its nutrition from its surroundings and can only be seen under a microscope. Viruses are disease producing agents far smaller than bacteria. They are enclosed in a protein coating which makes them more difficult to destroy. Fungi – are included in the plant kingdom but are quite different from green plants. The basic unit of a fungus is a hypha which is a hollow tube. The hyphal threads spread out over and into the food material making a visible mesh or mycelium. Some fungi mass together to create toadstools. They spread by releasing spores into the environment. Parasites – an organism that feeds and is dependant of its host. 1.2 Identify common illnesses and infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Bacteria – Lyme disease, Tuberculosis, tetanus, MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) Viruses – polio, Norovirus, common cold, flu, chicken pox Fungi – tinea pinus, athletes foot, oral thush Paracites- worms, ticks, lice, mites 1.3 Describe what is meant by ‘infection’ and ‘colonisation’. Infection – is a invasion of a host organisms bodily tissues by a disease causing organism. Colonisation – occurs when any one or more species populate a specific area. 1.4 Explain what is meant by ‘systemic infection’ and ‘localised infection’. Systemic infection – affects a number of organs or tissues or affects the whole body e.g. type 2 diabetes, aids and hyper tension. Localised infection – confined to one organ system or area in the body e.g. absess, boil, sprain. 1.5 Identify poor practices that may lead to the spread of infection. Not wearing personal protective equipment such as disposable gloves, disposable aprons, washing hands and disposing of clinical waste in the correct way. 2. Understand the transmission of infection. 2.1 Explain the conditions needed for the growth of micro-organisms. * Psychrophiles grow below temperatures of 20Â °c * Thermophiles grow above temperatures of 45Â °c * Oxygen, pathogens vary in their oxygen requirements * Food * Most foods naturally contain suffucant moisture to provide bacteria with the water they need in order to grow 2.2 Explain the ways an infective agent might enter the body. * food/drink * natural orifices * inhalation * ingestion * inoculation 2.3 Identify common sources of infection. Droplets produced by coughing or sneezing, in air and dust, in water/food, carried by animals and insects. 2.4 Explain how infective agents can be transmitted to a person. * food/drink * air/dust * touching contaminated items * cross contamination * direct (person to person) * animals and insects 2.5 Identify the key factors that will make it more likely that infection will occur. * Open wounds/sores * Vulnerability/low immunity (children, babies, elderly) * People already suffering from health problems * Stress (suppression of immune system) * Poor practice and infection control

Baseball’s Freedom Fighter :: Essays Papers

Baseball’s Freedom Fighter The 1960’s were a decade of upheaval. Outcry spilled out into the streets as angry demonstrators protested against the Vietnam War; Civil Rights marches occupied a segregated South; and the Black Power movement swept through the Negro community with persuasive authority. In the midst of all of this social change stood one man, St. Louis Cardinal’s centerfielder Curt Flood. Fueled by the turmoil of his times, Flood started his own social movement, a one-man struggle for freedom on the baseball diamond. Flood an accomplished baseball player had endured twelve years in the Major Leagues, a victim of unwarranted discrimination in a still racist nation. In 1969, Flood became a pioneer, making an historic decision that ended his baseball career at the age of 31. Against the advice of the Major League Baseball’s Players Union, Flood refused to accept his trade to the Philadelphia Phillies after the end of the 1969 season. When Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn r efused to let him out of baseball’s reserve clause, which allowed for a player to be traded without his consent and made it impossible for a player to choose to play for another team, Flood took his case all the way to the Supreme Court (Ashe 61). When the case finally made its way through the courts system, Flood’s playing career was lost but a whole new era of baseball had begun. Flood stands as the pivotal figure that changed the balance of power in the game. The story of Curt Flood is one of tragic sacrifice and poignant courage. It is the story of a ball player giving up the game he loved for nothing more than a principle. Flood’s famous â€Å"I am a Man,† statement illustrated his belief that baseball was treating him unfairly (Burns, The Eighth Inning). Flood also penned these thoughts in a letter he sent to Kuhn on Christmas Eve of 1969, writing, â€Å"I do not feel that I am a piece of property to be bought and sold irrespective of my wishes† (Burns, The Eighth Inning). Craving the freedom to choose what team he played for, Flood would not accept the notion that he had no control over his own destiny as a baseball player. Flood however, stood alone in his fight. At his court hearing no active baseball player would testify on his behalf. Baseball’s Freedom Fighter :: Essays Papers Baseball’s Freedom Fighter The 1960’s were a decade of upheaval. Outcry spilled out into the streets as angry demonstrators protested against the Vietnam War; Civil Rights marches occupied a segregated South; and the Black Power movement swept through the Negro community with persuasive authority. In the midst of all of this social change stood one man, St. Louis Cardinal’s centerfielder Curt Flood. Fueled by the turmoil of his times, Flood started his own social movement, a one-man struggle for freedom on the baseball diamond. Flood an accomplished baseball player had endured twelve years in the Major Leagues, a victim of unwarranted discrimination in a still racist nation. In 1969, Flood became a pioneer, making an historic decision that ended his baseball career at the age of 31. Against the advice of the Major League Baseball’s Players Union, Flood refused to accept his trade to the Philadelphia Phillies after the end of the 1969 season. When Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn r efused to let him out of baseball’s reserve clause, which allowed for a player to be traded without his consent and made it impossible for a player to choose to play for another team, Flood took his case all the way to the Supreme Court (Ashe 61). When the case finally made its way through the courts system, Flood’s playing career was lost but a whole new era of baseball had begun. Flood stands as the pivotal figure that changed the balance of power in the game. The story of Curt Flood is one of tragic sacrifice and poignant courage. It is the story of a ball player giving up the game he loved for nothing more than a principle. Flood’s famous â€Å"I am a Man,† statement illustrated his belief that baseball was treating him unfairly (Burns, The Eighth Inning). Flood also penned these thoughts in a letter he sent to Kuhn on Christmas Eve of 1969, writing, â€Å"I do not feel that I am a piece of property to be bought and sold irrespective of my wishes† (Burns, The Eighth Inning). Craving the freedom to choose what team he played for, Flood would not accept the notion that he had no control over his own destiny as a baseball player. Flood however, stood alone in his fight. At his court hearing no active baseball player would testify on his behalf.

Conduction Toturial

Tutorial 1 (Conduction and Convection) 1. Consider a composite structure shown on below. Conductivities of the layer are: k1 = k3 = 10 W/mK, k2 = 16 W/mK, and k4 = 46 W/mK. The convection coefficient on the right side of the composite is 30 W/m2K. Calculate the total resistance and the heat flow through the composite. (0. 46, 173. 9 W) 2. Consider a 1. 2-m high and 2-m-wide glass window whose thickness is 6 mm and thermal conductivity is k= 0. 78W/m. 0C.Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 24 0C while the temperature of the outdoors is -5 0C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1= 10 W/m2 . 0C and h2 = 25 W/m2 . 0C and disregard any heat transfer by radiation. (471W, 4. 40C) 3. Consider a 1. 2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-mm-thick layers of glass (k=0. 78 W/m . 0C) separa ted by 12-mm-wide stagnant air space.Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 24 0C while the temperature of the outdoors is -50C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1=10 W/ m2 . 0C and h2 = 25 W/m2 . 0C and disregard any heat transfer by radiation. Given also k air = 0. 026 W/ m . 0C (114W, 19. 20C) 4. A cylindrical resistor element on a circuit board dissipates 0. 5W of power in an environment at 400C. The resistor is 1. 2 cm long, and has a diameter of 0. 3cm. Assuming heat to be transferred uniformly from all surfaces, determine (a) the amount of heat this resistor dissipates during a 24-h period, (b) the heat flux on the surface of the resistor, in W/m2 and (c) the surface temperature of the resistor for a combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 9 W/m2 . 0C. (3. 6 Wh, 1 179 W/m2, 1710C) 5. Water is boiling in a 25-cm-diameter aluminum pan (k=237 W/ m . 0C) at 95 0C.Heat is transferred steadily to the boiling water in the pan through its 0. 5-cm-thick flat bottom at a rate of 800 W. If the inner surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is 1080C, determine (a) the boiling heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of the pan, and (b) the outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan. (1254 W/m2 . 0C, 108. 30C) 6. Steam at 320 0C flows in a stainless steel pipe (k= 15 W/m. 0C) whose inner and outer diameters are 5 cm and 5. 5cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation (k= 0. 38 W/m. 0C). Heat is lost to the surroundings at 50C by natural convection and radiation, with a combined natural convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/ m2. 0C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be 80 W/m2. 0C, determine the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also det ermine the temperature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation. (93. 9 W, 0. 095 0C, 290 0 C) 7. Consider a 8-m-long, and 0. 22-m-thick wall whose representative cross section is as given in the Figure 1.The thermal conductivities of various material used, in W/m. 0C, are kA=kF=3, kB=10, kC=23, kD=15 and kE=38. The left and right surface of the wall are maintained a uniform temperatures of 3000C and 1000C, respectively. Assuming heat transfer through the wall to be one-dimensional, determine (Given Rcond = x/kA and Rconv = 1/hA) a) The rate of heat transfer through the wall. b) The temperature at the point where the sections B, D and E meet. c) The temperature drop across the section F. (6453. 0075 W, 259. 59380C, 134. 22220C)