Semester at Sea Voyage Essays

Semester at Sea Voyage Essays Semester at Sea Voyage Essay Semester at Sea Voyage Essay As an advertising major, I have numerous scholastic objectives, for example, gaining information in a decent feeling, to have the option to share my ability and aptitude that would assist me with perceiving my qualities and shortcomings as an individual, and to graduate with more noteworthy information and better viewpoint towards life and desires. As what Semester at Sea takes into account its understudies, I can say that it could assist me with increasing more information in various perspectives through cooperation with better places and nations on the planet. John Tymitz, the Chief Executive Officer Emeritus of Semester at Sea expressed the six significant components that understudies would understanding while at the same time having their semester adrift. These are:Develop a consciousness of a portion of the significant components of reliance essential for conjunction on the planet today and tomorrow. Assemble knowledge and foundation for deciphering worldwide issues and clashes. Explain familiarity with your own way of life through appear differently in relation to other people. Develop through the test of living and learning in a firmly coordinated condition. Interface with different societies giving a truly applicable viewpoint of both created and developing countries of the world. (semesteratsea.org)These six variables are associated with my scholastic objectives implying that Semester at Sea can assist me with acquiring my scholarly objectives in better areas and arrangement. What is needed to gain from this semester is my method of imparting to others. Since I am seeking after my showcasing course, I have to pass on my relational abilities completely to have the option to get sensible to my thoughts as a future advertiser. Through Semester at Sea I would have the option to utilize my relational abilities as I go to better places and nations alongside my instructors and course mates.Semester at Sea would likewise assist me with perceiving my worldwide point of view by examining verifiable records of the countries that we are going to consider. Mindfulness would likewise force inside the semester to assist understudies with becoming additional touchy to the way of life and society of the creating countries that will be studied.In my promoting course, mindfulness, affectability, and rationale are the most significant variables that we have to acquire to legitimize our contemplations and thinking. Since Semester at Sea can assist me with getting more information and aptitudes about these elements, it would improve as a commitment to my scholastic objectives and viewpoints. When all is said in done, I can say that Semester at Sea could assist me with understanding everything that is past my span since it provides food mindfulness and securing that are imperative to its students.ReferenceSemester at Sea. 2007. Message from the Chief Executive Officer Emeritus. 3 December 2007. semesteratsea.com/aboutus/message.html

Lab Report Separation and Purification of Organic Essay Example

Lab Report: Separation and Purification of Organic Paper In the event that a soaked hot arrangement is permitted to cool, the solute is not, at this point dissolvable in the dissolvable and structures gems of unadulterated compound. Contaminations are avoided from the developing precious stones and the unadulterated strong gems can be isolated from the broke down polluting influences by filtration. (harsher. Colorado. Due) An attractive dissolvable for crystallization has the accompanying properties: 1) breaks up the solute promptly at a raised temperature, yet just sparingly at a lower temperature (room temperature); 2) gives no concoction response with the solute; and 3) is adequately unpredictable so it might be expelled effectively from the cleaned gems. The crystallization procedure comprises of two significant occasions, nucleation and precious stone development. Nucleation is where the solute atoms scattered in the dissolvable begin to accumulate into bunches, on the nanometer scale (lifting solute fixation in a little area), that become stable under the current working conditions. These steady groups establish the cores. Notwithstanding, when the groups are not steady, they rediscover. In this way, the groups need to arrive at a basic size so as to become stable cores. Such basic size is directed by the working conditions (temperature, superannuation, and so forth ). It is at the phase of computation that the iotas orchestrate in a characterized and intermittent way that characterizes the precious stone structure ? note that gem structure is an extraordinary term that alludes to the overall game plan of the iotas, not the plainly visible properties of the precious stone (size and shape), despite the fact that those are a consequence of the inward gem structure. (Wisped. Organization) INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS The analysis comprise of two sections, Experiment A was the Crystallization of methyl blue. We will compose a custom article test on Lab Report: Separation and Purification of Organic explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Lab Report: Separation and Purification of Organic explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab Report: Separation and Purification of Organic explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This examination utilized warming and filtration process just as quick cooling process. The methyl blue blend was bubbled then blended in with creature charcoal to cleanse the arrangement. At that point the filtrate was then named in moderate cooling and quick cooling, Ice was utilized as an impetus to quickly cool the arrangement. The moderate cooling arrangement uncovered enormous and fine precious stones while the fast cooling arrangement uncovered little gems. Another examination was the filtration of the earthy colored sugar arrangement. The earthy colored sugar arrangement additionally follows nearly a similar system as the crystallization of methyl blue, the main distinction is that after the filtration the filtrate of methyl blue was cooled while in this test the earthy colored sugar arrangement doesnt need any cooling procedure. The blend between earthy colored sugar ND water was yellowish in shading and afterward it was warmed, at that point creature charcoal was included after it was about bubbling it was separated, The filtrate was then watched and it turn a reasonable dry arrangement. As per science. PC. Autobahns. Ca Charcoal (otherwise known as. North, initiated carbon) is added during a justifications to tie high sub-atomic weight, shaded debasements. Charcoal is included once you have a hot soaked arrangement of the ideal item, and, once included, should be expelled (alongside the adsorbed hued polluting influences) by hot gravity filtration. The decolonize filtrate contains the ideal item, and the charcoal with the adsorbed shaded contaminations is held on the channel paper. End After the analysis and the information that was accumulated, the discoveries have uncovered that creature charcoal was fundamental in sanitizing the arrangement along these lines the idea of crystallization was plainly comprehended. Additionally the targets of the trial was cultivated and we can isolate and sanitize mixes by crystallization, it give us an available encounter on the best way to filter the arrangement consequently it turned out pleasant however there are a few miscounts that was made during the test it was investigated and taken in the slip-up that was submitted.

Its Hard To Earn Money From Blogging, But Not For...

Its Hard To Earn Money From Blogging, But Not For... Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Its Hard To Earn Money From Blogging, But Not For The Reasons You Might ThinkUpdated On 02/04/2016Author : Umesh SinghTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/1VTt0XU CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogI am sure; you have been read several blog posts before that claims making money from blogging is easy. But, I would like to know about you.Have you ever earned enough money from Blogging? If not, you are not alone; there are many bloggers out there who never make a single penny from their blog. Almost every blogger start a blog for money but, most of them the end up with nothing.Its Hard To Earn Money From Blogging, But NotIt is not because they do not follow the golden rules of blogging suggested by experts, but the pieces of advice which they never been heard of. In this post, we are going to discuss those reasons why you could not succeed to earn money from blogging.C ONFUSED ABOUT THE WAYS TO MONETIZE YOUR BLOG? READ THIS:Check Out The 5 Unconventional Ways To Monetize Your BlogLets dive in the post then:1. Targeting The Wrong AudienceTargeting the wrong audience is like shooting an arrow in the dark and believing that it will hit the goal.It only cost you time and money. Many beginner bloggers make this common blogging mistake. They create content without knowing their right audience.The understanding audience is critical to the success of any types of business whether it is online or offline.Imagine, why people will take out their wallet to buy your product or services if they are not interested in it.You may ask, how would you know who is your target audience?The simple answer is, buyer person.The buyer persona is market-based research data; that shows how and why your potential customers decide to buy a product or service. A single buyer persona covers a large group of people who has similar interest. So, next time when you create content fi rst understands your customers need.2. Blogging Is Not EasyI dont want to break your heart but the truth is blogging is not easy. It was never easy for the people who dont have patience.You have heard it before that blogging will make your life easy, and you can do whatever you want, right? Its true; I do not deny it.Blogging is the best way to generate passive income.If you take blogging seriously, then it is not going to be easy for you. You have to work hard consistently in a smart way. You dont only follow the basic blogging rules, but also, you have to provide the information which people never have seen before.3. Huge Traffic, But No MoneyGetting lots of traffic to your website does not mean that you can make money.You may ask, why?I know all the years you have read that to make money you need traffic, and you are getting that. Then how can I say that you can not make money?Web traffic does not always guarantee you money. Unless, it is right traffic. Let me clear this the visi tors who visit your blog is not your ideal customers. So, it is simple if you are attracting wrong people then you will not be able to turn them into paying customer.The truth is, you dont always need lots of traffic to make money from your blog.If you are selling high converting goods or services, you can make money with low traffic. You need to focus on the right kind of web traffic rather than the crowd, who has nothing to do with your business.4. You Are Neglecting Your AudienceI know you dont do it intentionally, but the truth is, you are doing this.You might be surprised and thinking how would you suppose to do that? Your visitors are important to your blogging success, without them, your blog is like you are talking to yourself.In the other words, no blog readers mean no blog. Show your audience that they are important to you. Therefore, making your audience feel special, involved and serious in your blog can help you in many ways.READWhat Really These Cheap Traffic Offers Ar e? Scam Or Not?How to make your blog readers feel different and satisfied?1. Write in a friendly manner This is the most important element of a blog to make your blog readers special.Write like you are talking to them personally, or as if you are talking to a group of individual people.People are more likely to take the interest in content which is written in a friendly manner.2. Add your own touch to writing It is the second vital element of friendly writing.When you write a blog, add your personal touch in that. People love to know their role models struggle and how they overcome with that.Make sure you dont bore them with your story, try to mix it up with fun.3. Make your readers engage in the conversation You already know the importance of the audience engagement. Your blog post should not look like that you are talking to yourself.Make your readers as if they are the part of the conversation.Do the following activities to increase audience engagement in your blog post:Ask qu estions about their problem.Use call-to-action in your post.Ask for the suggestion.Offer them something valuable in return for their engagement.4. Put your audience in the center At the end of your blog post, request your audience to contribute their personal stories, experiences, and strategies.Motivate them to participate in the conversation, and be a part of your blogging community.5. You Like ComplicacyMany bloggers love to show their knowledge and intelligence to their readers. They use complicated words that normal people do not easily understand.They assume that people will influence with them. But, the truth is people like simplicity rather than complexity.If they dont understand your content, they will not convert. Next time when you write a post make it as simple as you can. So, when a reader read your blog post, he easily learns what you want to tell him. Simply written post helps readers to understand the topic in less time and provide them a better user experience.6. Y ou Are Too Focused On QuantityAre you publishing a new blog post every day without adding value to it?If you are doing so, you should stop it right now. When you publish a blog post, your focus should be on the quality of content that you are providing to your audience rather than the quantity.A visitor visits your website and clicks a post to find the solution to his problem. If could satisfy him, he will be your subscriber whom you can convert into paying customers.Dont publish a worthless post. Only write when you have something valuable to say. Your audience will love to read that one useful post rather a multiple inferior blog post.7. You Give Priority To The Word CountYou have been heard it before that long post performs better. It is the topic of debate among the bloggers that how long post should they write. Many bloggers got success with short blog posts.Curious to know, how?Because they only focus on the quality of the information. If you can deliver your message in two hu ndred words, do it. Respect your audiences time; they are busy people.People will love to read your 200 words post which provide them value rather than worthless 1000 words.Final ThoughtsBlogging is not a rocket science. There are some blogging rules which you need to follow.You can do this, but the problem is, how seriously you are taking it. If you treat your blog like your best pal, it will reward you name, fame and money. Honestly follow the rules as mentioned above. You will be successful to earn money.WANT TO BUILD A MONEY-MAKING-BLOGGING-MACHINE? READ THIS ARTICLE NOW:Tips For Aspiring Bloggers Who Want To Build A Blog That Makes A Lot Of MoneyI would like to know your blogging success. Please share your thoughts and experience in the comment section.

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds

Clouds may look like big, fluffy marshmallows in the sky, but in reality, they are visible collections of tiny water droplets (or ice crystals, if its cold enough) that live high in the atmosphere above the Earths surface. Here, we discuss the science of clouds: how they form, move, and change color.   Formation Clouds form when a parcel of air rises from the surface up into the atmosphere. As the parcel ascends, it passes through lower and lower pressure levels (pressure decreases with height). Recall that air tends to move from higher to lower pressure areas, so as the parcel travels into lower pressure areas, the air inside of it pushes outward, causing it to expand. This expansion uses heat energy, and therefore cools the air parcel. The farther upward it travels, the more it cools. When its temperature cools to that of its dew point temperature, the water vapor inside of the parcel condenses into droplets of liquid water. These droplets then collect on the surfaces of dust, pollen, smoke, dirt, and sea salt particles called nuclei. (These nuclei are hygroscopic, meaning they attract water molecules.) It is at this point—when water vapor condenses and settles onto condensation nuclei—that clouds form and become visible. Shape Have you ever watched a cloud long enough to see it expanding outward, or looked away for a moment only to find that when you look back its shape has changed? If so, youll be glad to know it isnt your imagination. The shapes of clouds are ever-changing thanks to the processes of condensation and evaporation. After a cloud forms, condensation doesnt stop. This is why we sometimes notice clouds expanding into the neighboring sky. But as currents of warm, moist air continue to rise and feed condensation, drier air from the surrounding environment eventually infiltrates the buoyant column of air in a process called entrainment. When this drier air is introduced into the cloud body, it evaporates the clouds droplets and causes parts of the cloud to dissipate. Movement   Clouds start out high up in the atmosphere because thats where theyre created, but they remain suspended thanks to the tiny particles they contain. A clouds water droplets or ice crystals are very small, less than a micron (thats less than one-millionth of a meter). Because of this, they respond very slowly to gravity. To help visualize this concept, consider a rock and a feather. Gravity affects each, however the rock falls quickly whereas the feather gradually drifts to the ground because of its lighter weight. Now compare a feather and an individual cloud droplet particle; the particle will take even longer than the feather to fall, and because of the particles tiny size, the slightest movement of air will keep it aloft. Because this applies to each cloud droplet, it applies to the entire cloud itself. Clouds travel with the upper-level winds. They move at the same speed and in the same direction as the prevailing wind at the clouds level (low, middle, or high). High-level clouds are among the fastest moving because they form near the top of the troposphere and are pushed by the jet stream. Color A clouds color is determined by the light it receives from the Sun. (Recall that the Sun emits white light; that white light is made up of all the colors in the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet; and that each color in the visible spectrum represents an electromagnetic wave of a different length.) The process works like this: As the Suns lightwaves pass through the atmosphere and clouds, they meet the individual water droplets that make up a cloud. Because the water droplets have a similar size as the wavelength of sunlight, the droplets scatter the Suns light in a type of scattering known as Mie scattering in which all wavelengths of light are scattered. Because all wavelengths are scattered, and together all colors in the spectrum make up white light, we see white clouds. In the case of thicker clouds, such as stratus, sunlight passes through but is blocked. This gives the cloud a grayish appearance.

Racial Discrimination and African American Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1218 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racial Discrimination Essay Racism Essay Did you like this example? African Americans have made tremendous leaps towards equality. Even though they have the same legal rights as whites they do not have the same opportunities due to a multiple number of factors. African Americans constantly have to combat discrimination from most aspects of society. For example, there are more accounts of police brutality involving African Americans than whites. Also they are often given longer prison sentences due to the lack of African American judges and law officials. However, there are many small steps that we can take to combat this problem. In this article the author is trying to inform his readers on recent events of police brutality against african americans. The author gives two cases of police brutality. The first case involves an African American man named Alton Sterling. Sterling died from being shot in the back while he was laying on the ground with officers on top of him. This caused an uproar because the was already on the ground when the police shot and killed him. The second case also involved an african man named Philando Castile. Castile was stopped at a traffic stop and the officer asked if he had a gun. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racial Discrimination and African American Culture" essay for you Create order Once he said yes the cop began to panic and then they began yelling back and forth. At this point the officer took out his weapon and fired four shots into Castile as his girlfriend and daughter watched. Since the police now wear body cameras the videos of these attacks went viral causing uproars and protests. The author appeals to the readers ethos and logos. The author appeals to ethos by using imagery and very descriptive words to describe the shootings. The author also uses logos because he provides facts and information. This topic relates to power because in this case the police are abusing their power. I found this article informative and helpful but not persuasive. The article did not persuade me to believe any certain way, however, the article did inform me and help me to see the real issue of police brutality. I think the author failed to talk about how only a small fraction of police officers are racist to african americans and the rest do their jobs and do not discriminate. I agree with the author when he quotes Minnesotas governor Mark Dayton. Mark Dayton realized the racial injustice and said Would this have happened if those passengers would have been white? he asked. I dont think it would have. Dayton brings up a good point and i agree with him. I also think if the passengers were white there would have been a different outcome. What struck me as irritating was when i read that Alton Sterling was laying on the ground with the officers on top of him when he was shot. This just shows that the officer who did this did not think to use any other methods like a taser or pepper spray. Now that i have studied this issue more i have realized that police brutality is becoming a serious issue in our society that needs to be addressed by all law enforcement agencies. I would present the issue of police brutality by showing people the body camera videos of all these horrific shootings because its one thing to read about it but when you watch it really understand how bad of an issue this really is. In the video Blindsided: The exoneration of Brian Banks Brian Banks gets interviewed about how he was falsely charged with rape. Banks played linebacker for his high school in Long Beach California where he received a scholarship to play at the University of Southern California. Then later that same year he was accused of rape by his classmate Wanetta Gibson. Even though there was little evidence to prove that he raped her he was still convicted in 2003. After 5 years in prison and 5 years on parole his attorney got a confession from Wanetta Gibson who admitted that she had fabroacted the entire story. This relates to opportunity and cultural influence because even though there was little evidence to charge him the courts did anyway. This is just another example of how african americans tend to be treated unfairly in court. This video was persuasive because it showed me how often african american men are falsely accused of rape. The video did not fail to consider anything about the issue. I agree with his defence attorney when she said that based off of his age, race, and size he would not be given a fair trial. It struck me as inspiring that 5 years later he was released from jail and his charges were dropped and he still achieved his dream of playing in the NFL for the Atlanta Falcons. Now that i have studied the issue i have learned that some judges still may hold biases and stereotypes towards African Americans. I would present the argument of unequal treatment in the courts by giving people examples of innocent african americans who were wrongly accused. Many african americans are often victim to racial profiling as well. In the article â€Å"injustice for all† written by the National Network for Immigrant and refugee rights it talks about how many african american men report being stopped for â€Å"driving while Black†. Most report that they were stopped for no reason or very weak reasons. African americans who work with corporations and have to commute a long way are most often to experience this. The author is trying to shed light on the issue of racial profiling. This relates to opportunity because it shows how african americans are often stopped and questioned by law enforcement and how they have less opportunities than their white counterparts. The argument was persuasive to me because it made me realize some of the everyday struggles african americans go through. The author failed to consider that this does not happen to all african americans. For example african americans living in urban city areas do not experience this as much as african americans who live in the country. I agree with the authors when they talk about african american drivers being racially profiled because i have an african american friend who has had this happen to him. What irritates me about this article is that the author makes it seem like all police officers racially profile african americans. However, racial profiling is still an issue that needs to stop, but as long as stereotypes exist racial profiling will also exist. The best thing we can do to combat this is to teach our children to respect all races and the issue will gradually fizzle out over time. Just because slavery is over and african americans have made major strides in combating discrimination they still face subtle forms of it today. These forms can range anywhere from police shootings and unequal prison sentences to something as simple as a police officer racially profiling and pulling over a black man. By researching this topic and educating myself about issues that i did not believe existed anymore. In my opinion the best thing we can do to stop things like this from happening is by eliminating false stereotypes of African American man. We can do this by educating the public about how many of the stereotypes against african men are not true.

Gun Control And The American People - 1236 Words

Gun Control and the American People: Should Gun Control Measures Be Stricter? There have been many highly publicized gun-related incidents, such as the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in 2012, that have renewed that call for even stricter gun control measures for both politicians and members of the media. The push for greater controls on firearms is bad policy with regards to the protection of our rights as U.S. citizens, our safety from those mean us harm, and the maintenance of an important economic market for providing legal firearms for both sport and protection. Rather than making gun ownership harder for law abiding U.S. citizens, we should be more aggressively enforcing the gun-related laws currently in place, while looking for ways to make legal gun ownership less complicated and burdensome. This will help protect the constitutional freedoms of future generations while making us safer now. The Second Amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights established for citizens of the new United States of America. The founding fathers thought that the right to bear arms was so important in the creation and perpetuation of a free nation that they made it second only to the rights of freedom of religion, free speech, freedom of the press and â€Å"the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances† as provided for in the First Amendment. (LII). Having won their freedom only eight yearsShow MoreRelatedArgument Paper On Gun Control1354 Words   |  6 PagesPosition Paper on Gun Control While Americans were contemplating gun control proposals in the wake of mass shootings at a Colorado School, another gunman massacred 50 people in a club in Orlando. This incident brought heated political exchanges between President Obama and Trump, the Republican presidential candidate. It is estimated that in 2015 alone, there were more than 351 mass shootings in the United States. This is a worrying trend that should be reversed as soon as possible. SurprisinglyRead MoreGun Control Laws Should Have A Good Middle Balance1569 Words   |  7 PagesWhile some people say it takes away their rights , Gun control is a good thing because Less crimes will be committed by firearms, Gun control is good for everyone s safety , and Countries with stricter gun control has less death by firearms .America has the highest amount of gun related deaths each year in the world. â€Å"In Germany 381, in France 255, in Canada 165 in the United Kingdom 68, in Australia 65, in Japan 39 and in the United States, 11,127† (Moore Michael, 51:15-51:48). Since the UnitedRead MoreThe Highest Amount Of Gun Control Laws1362 Words   |  6 PagesDanzo Research Paper America has the highest amount of gun related deaths each year in the world. â€Å"In Germany 381, in France 255, in Canada 165 in the United Kingdom 68, in Australia 65, in Japan 39 and in the United States, 11,127† (Moore Michael, 51:15-51:48). Since the United States has the highest number of deaths, it is important to have gun-control laws that restrict people from owning dangerous firearms like machine guns. Gun-control laws should support both sides of the debate. Of courseRead MoreGun Control Versus Gun Rights1645 Words   |  7 Pages2017 Gun Control versus Gun Rights Gun control is a controversial topic that is widely discussed in the United States. The call for gun control came during the 1960’s when many famous figures were assassinated. Today Gun Right’s Activist believes we should not infringe on the Second Amendment. While Gun Control Activist believe we should take precautions to protect people from gun violence. The republicans typically are against gun control while democrats are for gun control. Gun control is a hotRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws861 Words   |  4 PagesThe government has the responsibility to protect people. Currently, the gun violence has threatened the American public safety, people used gun to kill many people for their own interests. The United States constitution believes Americans have their own gun to protect themselves. Some people said guns will protect their life easily. Whether, America should have strict gun control laws or not bring about the debate in society. Gun issue is not only a big problem from United States, it’s also aRead MoreGun Control And The United States Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pages Every law-abiding American citizen should have a choice to own a gun, and it should not matter if their reason is for protection, for sport or simply to collect. 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Moreover, on 2 Dec, 2015, two suspects those opened fire in a California social serviceRead MoreGun Control Laws Should Be Legal Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesGun control has been a hot topic in your society recreantly everyone has a different view on gun control. There are two sides to the argument people that are for gun control and people that are against gun control. The media talks about the two biggest factors the National Rifle Association and the Second Amendment the right to bear arms. But the most important question is whether gun-control laws actually reduce gun crimes or murder rates in general. Most people believe that having a fewer numberRead MoreAmerica Needs Gun Control Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesFor years proposals for gun control and the ownership of firearms have been among the most contro versial issues in modern American politics. The public debate over guns in the United States is often seen as having two side. Some people passionately assert that the Second Amendment protects an individuals right to own guns while others assert that the Second Amendment does no more than protect the right of states to maintain militias. There are many people who insist that the Constitution is a livingRead MoreGuns : The Root Of All Violence?1678 Words   |  7 PagesGUNS: THE ROOT OF ALL VIOLENCE? The United States has fought many wars in its history and continues to fight at home. Although there has not been an actual war in our mainland since the American Civil War of 1861, our longest war has been within our communities and laws, an enduring war against guns and its violence. The noise of gunshots may sound different in a military warzone between nations, radical groups or in a civil war; however, a similar outcome subsists, the loss of lives caused by man

Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Describe the role of corporate social responsibility, their benefits and steps taken by the organisation to reduce their carbon footprint. Answer: Introduction In todays competitive business environment, organisation are using various resources to build products that is unknowingly hampering the environment of Mother Nature. In order to balance the destructions, organisations are entering into voluntary participation in relation to social and ecological responsibilities. The study explores the business performance of IKEA and evaluates their CSR initiatives along with several points. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is an immense initiative taken by different organisations of different countries with a same objective to preserve the natural resources (Crane et al. 2008). It is crucial for the companies to understand the deforestation that gives us papers. Coals which provide electricity for manufacturing. Organisation are using these resources beyond control. Therefore to balance the cause, organisations are supporting various causes to save the resources (Jo, and Harjoto, 2012). Companies are participating to provide a better environment through voluntary participations. Figure1 CSR The term Corporate Social Responsibility is not limited to human rights, labour rights or social security, it moves beyond and helps in fighting climatic changes, developing proper sustainable management processes of natural resources and protection of consumers (Hopkins, 2012). Although the idea of CSR was brought forward by William J. B Owen in 1953, the European commission took 48 years to take a decision on the matter and applying it in their country, thereby promoting the idea of preserving natural resources. Importance of CSR and role of stakeholders Organisation understanding their roles and responsibilities in developing society and helping spreading awareness amongst other business organisation to strengthen the economy of the company. It is essential to understand the development of society in bringing change to the population and people of the respective countries (Hopkins, 2012). Corporate Social Responsibility plays a crucial role in boosting the economy of the country through companys voluntary participations. CSR depends from organisation to organisation. Figure2 Various aspects of CSR in an organisation For example, a company with high CSR standards have certain responsibilities toward their employees, customer and general public. A company with a good CSR standards have a lower employee turnover. However, as new companies are entering various markets, there are certain challenges for companies in developing countries and developed countries. In developing countries, companies face corruption extremely followed by poverty and illiteracy. Therefore companies understand the value of CSR and help to make a better environment by improving society and people (Aguinis and Glavas, 2012). Benefits of CSR Companies enjoy many benefits of corporate social responsibilities, but there are five main areas where the companies receive appropriate appreciation from the society. Some of the benefits of CSR are as follows, Bringing a positive impact to society Supports the consequences of public values Assistance being an employer of choice Helps in professional and personal improvement Improves corporate relations Figure3 Benefits of CSR Many organisation are improving their way of doing business to minimise their carbon footprints to ensure that they have a sustainable working environment that deals in improving the services that actually provides an advantage for the societies (Brammer et al. 2012). Apart from that, donating for the improvement of society or contributing towards a welfare cause is another aspect for the organisation to support various causes. Figure4- CSR impact on Employees Many employees or job seekers prefer organisation that have CSR initiatives and a good reputation in the community. It also helps the company to retain employees thereby decreasing the employee turnover. In addition to this, companies help employees to promote their skills by helping them with appropriate courses that develops the skill of the employees. In doing so, companies have a better relation with their employees. Business Strategy of IKEA IKEA being a global retailer to many consumers has a specific set of goals and objectives that helps them to get a competitive edge from their competitors. The objective of the company is to create a better life every day for the many people. The business principle of the organisation states to provide the consumers high quality products at a low price but not at any price. IKEA believes the business concept of doing their half and expecting the consumers to do the other half to ensure profits. The business strategy of IKEA is economic designs that are attractive, high quality and reasonable price. Apart from that, the company believes in providing distinctive designs that helps them to attract more consumers. Figure5 Strategy of IKEA to gain competitive advantage Being the cost leader in furnishing market, the primary objective of the company is to maintain the market position as there are many companies in the market that are in the same line of business to snatch away the consumers (Brammer et al. 2007). Hence the business strategy of the company is to provide a better experience for the consumers. With the advent of e-commerce, consumers are now purchasing products online and therefore IKEA has also initiated the process of e-commerce facility for their company to increase the sales. Why IKEAs strategy is sustainable The organisation believes in providing the consumers products that are affordable, attractive and pocket friendly. Earlier consumers used to think furniture as a long term investment. However, with IKEAs environment friendly strategy, the company has been able to change their business processes. The organisation has made business processes much simpler by including the idea of cost cutting solutions that ensures safety of the quality of the product (Matten and Moon, 2008). Apart from that, the idea of developing flat pack furniture also brings the leverage of minimising the manufacturing cost thereby reducing prices and eliminating transportation and storage costs respectively. The products can be self-assembled which helps the company is making low cost products. The company recycles or re-use the timber woods and manufacture products from the old resources thereby contributing to the environment (Sen and Bhattacharya, 2001). Apart from that, the international strategy of IKEA is to increase its market size, great returns on investment, improving the economic, getting a competitive advantage and so on (Byrd, 2007). The company believes in providing the consumers with products that are acceptable. As the company uses recycled woods for their products, the company is ensuring environment friendly process to conduct business. Apart from that the organisation has also contributed in various areas such as the organisation has reduced their carbon emission through their value chain and ensuring appropriate use of resources (Carroll and Shabana, 2010). The organisation is making steady progress. In addition to this, the organisation is also ensuring appropriate forestry requirements. It is important for the company to understand in preserving the forests. Therefore the company uses recycled woods. Apart from that the company believes in using the minimum resources to ensure preservation of resources. Broader environment and ethical implications The organisation believes the possibility of traditional business objectives and social responsibilities can benefit many societies and cultures. The organisation is presently doing their best to reduce the impact of carbon footprints thereby making a more sustainable society. It is crucial for the organisation to determine the core problems of the issues and develop appropriate strategies to ensure the safety of natural resources (Cheng et al. 2014). In case of IKEA, the organisation believes in three areas for the improvement. They are better living conditions, welfare of the children and establishing environmental friendly projects. However, there are certain challenges that the company had to face. For example the issues in Poland has created many problems for the company. Figure6 Contribution of IKEA Apart from that, Korea does not prefer organisation with such high prices. In Korea, the products are expensive as compared to European countries. In addition to this, the organisation has collaborated and cooperating with WWF to ensure forest management for the animals. The organisation has also reduced the use of water consumption. The organisation is aiming at various areas to ensure an environment friendly business operation. However, still the organisation is facing certain criticism in Asian countries and European countries for their product pricing or political disagreement (Flammer, 2015). Business performance of IKEA Figure7 Business performance of IKEA 2001- 2015 The organisation with the help of their operational strategies and business objectives have been able to perform adequately over the years. The problem with Poland has also calmed down and there has been a great improvement in sales in the last year. Over the years the company has improved their business and expanded to different countries. The organisation has improved their business strategies and focused in priding a better service to the consumers (Hilson, 2012). Despite the advent of e-commerce, consumers still prefers to visit the stores for unique experience. Apart from that the organisation also has a cafeteria and other services which makes the experience comfortable to the consumers. The organisation mainly targets the young people with a middle income capacity and upper level person. Apart from that IKEA also aims at business organisation to increase their sales. Conclusion The report constitutes various information on the role of corporate social responsibility, their benefits and steps taken by the organisation to reduce their carbon footprint. The study explores the ethical challenges, the business performance of the company over the years and discussed the problems of the company in relation to the CSR activities and their initiatives respectively. Reference List Books Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J. eds., (2008).Corporate social responsibility: Readings and cases in a global context. London: Abingdon: Routledge. Hopkins, M., (2012).Corporate social responsibility and international development: is business the solution?.Abingdon: Earthscan Hopkins, M., (2012).The planetary bargain: Corporate social responsibility matters. Abingdon: Routledge. Journals Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., (2012). What we know and dont know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda.Journal of management,38(4), pp.932-968 Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., (2012). Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28 Brammer, S., Millington, A. and Rayton, B., (2007). The contribution of corporate social responsibility to organizational commitment.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,18(10), pp.1701-1719 Byrd, E.T., (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism Review,62(2), pp.6-13. Carroll, A.B. and Shabana, K.M., (2010). The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice. International Journal of Management Reviews,12(1), pp.85-105 Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23 Farooq, O., Payaud, M., Merunka, D. and Valette-Florence, P., (2014). The impact of corporate social responsibility on organizational commitment: Exploring multiple mediation mechanisms.Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), pp.563-580 Flammer, C., (2015). Does corporate social responsibility lead to superior financial performance? A regression discontinuity approach.Management Science,61(11), pp.2549-2568 Hilson, G., (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility in the extractive industries: Experiences from developing countries.Resources Policy,37(2), pp.131-137 Jo, H. and Harjoto, M.A.,(2012). The causal effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,106(1), pp.53-72 Kim, Y., Park, M.S. and Wier, B.,(2012). Is earnings quality associated with corporate social responsibility?.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.761-796 Luo, X. and Bhattacharya, C.B., (2006). Corporate social responsibility, customer satisfaction, and market value.Journal of marketing,70(4), pp.1-18 Matten, D. and Moon, J., (2008). Implicit and explicit CSR: a conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility. Academy of management Review,33(2), pp.404-424 Sen, S. and Bhattacharya, C.B., (2001). Does doing well always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility.Journal of marketing Research,38(2), pp.225-243. Corporate Social Responsibility Question 1 a. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined as the transparent business practices on the basis of ethical values, respect for the people, communities and environment in which the company operates and operating its business in compliance with the legal requirements (Agoes Kristaung, 2008). Thus it is observed that the organizations in addition to making profits are also held responsible for the impact their actions and operations can have on the people and the planet. The term people refer to the stakeholders who have an interest in the business of the company and are affected by the actions that the company takes. It includes the customers, the business partners, the employees, the investors, the government, suppliers and the community. So it is observed that CSR is aimed at ensuring whether the companies are conducting their business in an ethical manner. Again CSR while evaluating the business of the companies on ethical grounds also takes into consideration the economic, socia l and environmental impact of the operations of the business (Roitto, 2013). Thus it involves activities that include looking to the facts: Whether the company operates in partnership with the local communities Whether it is making socially responsible investments Whether it strives to develop effective relationship with the customers and the employees Whether it takes care of the protection of the environment and sustainability b. Organizations Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholders can be defined as the individuals or the organizations who have an interest in the business and who stand in order to gain or lose as a result of the success or failure of the business of an organization. Thus stakeholder analysis can be defined as an important tool that is used by the organizations in order t identify the key individuals or organizations who need to be win over for the benefit of the organization (Brugha Varvasovszky, 2000). The stakeholder analysis involves the following steps:Identifying the StakeholdersThe first step involves identifying the individuals or the organizations that have a direct influence over the business or have an interest in success or failure of the business.Prioritizing the StakeholdersThis step involves identifying which stakeholders have high/low influence over the business and which stakeholders have high/low interest in the business.The above figure shows that the stakeholders who have low interest but high power should be ke pt satisfied. The stakeholders who have low interest and low influence should be monitored i.e. the organization should not put much effort in keeping them satisfied. Again the organization should strive to manage the stakeholders who have high interest and high influence over the business (Varvasovszky Brugha, 2000). Finally the stakeholders who have high interest but low power should be kept informed regarding he activities.Understanding the Key StakeholdersIn this step the organization should strive to understand how the key stakeholders feel regarding the undertaken project and should also take into consideration their reactions towards the project. The organization also strives to engage the key stakeholders and establish effective communication with them. c. Examples of Organizations Criticized for Poor CSR Taking into consideration the CSR aspects at Nike, the company has been criticized for making its workers work under poor working conditions and there have also been allegations against the company regarding harassment and abuse of the workers at its contract factories (Mallenbaker.net, 2004). Thu the issue that has been raised is labour noncompliance in contract factories.In the recent time before the London Olympics, it was found that Adidas has violated the workers rights while managing nine locally owned factories in order to produce Olympics shoes and clothing for the company. The workers were made to work for around 65 hours i.e. 25 hours more than the standard working week and at a low wage. They also suffered from physical and verbal abuse and were punished for failing to meet the production targets (The Independent, 2005).In addition Puma was criticized for the Suppliers Critical Conditions. The workers at one of the supplier of Puma i.e. Surpassing were forced to work for e xcessive overtime and they were paid 64 cents for each regular hour, they were also fined if they refused to work overtime, poor residence conditions, poor food, unsafe working conditions and unethical procedure for waste disposal (Chinalaborwatch.org, 2006).In the context CSR criticism Reebok has been criticized for disrespecting women through a campaign its campaign in Germany (Cook, 2004). The company suggested respecting the workout more than the woman in the life of an individual. Question 2 a. Using Teamwork for Improving Performance within an Organization The complexity of the tasks makes it difficult on the part of an individual employee to complete it in affective manner. So the organizations strive to form teams consisting of individuals with complementary skills and a pool of experience that is essential for successful completion of the tasks (Jones George, 1998). This drives the employees to coordinate their efforts which lead to enhanced performance. The enhanced performance depends upon following factors: a. Espirit de Corps Regular and continuous communication among the team members leads to the development of spirit de corps and thus establishes a sense of common interest, fellowship and commitment towards the accomplishment of the objectives of the team. b. Satisfaction Team consists of individuals with varied skills and experience and thus they try t complement each other. So it enhances the individual performance (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2004). Thus they enjoy doing their work and gets motivated towards performing better in order to successfully contribute towards the achievement of the teams objective. c. Utilization of Resources The formation team facilitates the company to involve multiple individuals for the completion of the tasks that not only reduces the time for completion but also increases the speed that leads to the accomplishment of primary objectives. d. Creative and Learning Environment Team formation brings toge5ther individuals with varied experiences and skills which enhances the creativity of the individual team members together with the creativity of the entire team (Tambe, 1997). Again it also facilitates the individuals to learn from the experiences of others which enhance the individual performance together with the performance of the team. b. Using Belbins Theory of Team Roles for the Development of Best Team A team is formed in order to bring the individuals with varied skills and experience together which not only enhances the performance of the individual team members but also enhances the performance of the team as a whole through learning and knowledge sharing (Belbin, 2010). The Belbin Team role model provides guidance for making use of the talents and personalities of the team members. Belbins Theory describes the nine team roles and their talents as follows: a. Implementer The individual is disciplined; task oriented and acts as a practical organizer within the team. He is also responsible for putting the plans into actions (Prichard Stanton, 1999). b. Resource Investigator He is expected to be an extrovert with lot of contacts within and outside the team and is capable of bringing new opportunities for the team. c. Plant He acts as an innovative and creative thinker and has the capability to solve complex problems. d. Monitor He acts as a team analyst and is capable of analyzing the situations and focuses upon making accurate and right judgements. e. Shaper He acts as a challenge loving individual and focuses upon completing the tasks within the specified deadlines. f. Coordinator He takes care of the procedures to be followed in order to complete the tasks and also strives to identify the needs and wants of the other team members (Van Heerden, 2012). He is capable of utilising the right talent in the right manner and is responsible for taking tough decisions. g. Complete Finisher He focuses upon completing the tasks in a perfect manner and also takes care of the safety of the team members and focuses upon maintaining the quality of work. h. Teamworker He focuses upon providing a pleasant atmosphere to the team members and strives to create a sense of togetherness among the team members. i. Specialist He acts as an advisor and provides knowledge on specific topic and thus makes his contributions to the team with his technical and substantial skills.Thus from the above team roles as described by Belbin, it can be inferred that these roles played by various individuals helps in enhancing the performance of the team members as well as the team which leads to the development of an effective team. c. Tuckmans Theory of Team Development The Tuckmas theory of team development proposes that formation of team involves time and thus a team has to pass through various stages while they transform from simply a collection of strangers to united group with a common goal. The various stages are:[Source: www.businessballs.com] a. Forming In this stage the team members are anxious since they are not aware of their tasks and the leaders pay a dominant role since the responsibilities of the members are not clear (Bertram, 2006). b. Storming The members look upon themselves as an active member of the team. They tend to challenge each other and the leaders regarding what are the things that need to be done. The stage is also characterized with conflicts and may also have a negative impact on the performance. c. Norming In this stage the team members come together and thus the roles and responsibilities are clarified. The stage is characterized by a feeling of togetherness among the team members (Mai et al., 2011). d. Performing In this stage the focus is on team relationship and tasks which leads to synergy. The members work together that leads to enhanced of performance.Thus it can be inferred that this model provide assistance in team development and the problems that may arise during the development of the team. Section B Question 1 a. Nuisance to Land Thereliecertain differences in between trespass and nuisance where majorly, in case of nuisance the damage must be proved. In case of nuisance the resultant effect is seen as something that is suffered by an individual in place of a kind of conduct that originally is forbidden. Generally nuisance may be defined as as unreasonable interference pertaining to the use of land usually by making use of the public right -of way. Theresultantharm will be considered to be a nuisance irrespective of its being originatedfrom negligent, intentional or non faulty conducts. The base principle pertaining to nuisance come from alatinmaxim which may be translated into"use your own property so as not to injure that of yourneighbours (Ellickson, 1973).Under the present law, Nuisance covers a varied range ofobjectionable activities such as vibrations, noise, water and air pollution and most importantly noxiousodours.Otherconducts such as erecting dangerous structures alongside certain interfaces, obstru ction of streets, certain water rights come under nuisance. b. Crowd Control A crowd is defined as a group of people that is formed for a common purpose i.e. either it strive to support some cause or strive to oppose some cause. Crowd control can be defined as the process that is taken in order to prevent the outbreak of disorder and the prevention of a possible riot (Lasecki et al., 2011). Again it can also be defined as the term that is used in order to define the ability that can be used for reducing the possibility of fight or chaos among a unit and this can be done by either restriction the contribution of the members of the crowd or by restricting their means to escape. c. Remedies Remedies can be defined as the way in which a right is imposed by the court of law in case of a wrongful act, injury or harm that is imposed upon another individual (Katz, 1968). Thus it is the means with the help of which tight violation can be prevented or compensated. d. Stakeholder Stakeholder can be defined as an individual or an organization that has an interest in the business of an organization (Harrison Freeman, 1999). This reveals the fact that they have the ability to affect the objectives, actions and policies of an organization and are also significantly affected by the policies and procedures of the organization. Question 2 Benefits of Green Event The benefits of Green Event can be discussed as follows:Benefits to the Organization: It helps in reducing the bill of trash with the help of diversion of the recyclable materials. It also provides a positive publicity of the company that it strives to take care of the environment. The waste prevention provides assistance to the company to minimize their management and purchasing costs (von der Heidt Firmin, 2009). It also helps in enhancing the brand image of the company since it creates a feeling in the minds of the customers and the stakeholders that the company is socially responsible and discharges it responsibility in an effective manner. Benefits to the community: The community cost of expanding the landfill is reduced by making a significant reduction in the quantity of the materials that are transferred to the landfill. The opportunities for job are enhanced with an increase on the process of recycling. It also enhances the awareness on the part of the public in the context of recycling of the wastes.

In a world where everyone is exposed, the coolest Essays - Software

"In a world where everyone is exposed, the coolest thing you can do is maintain your mystery." There are several ways advertisers can invade your social media privacy, take advantage of your data on your account. Tracking peoples' activities online, collecting personal data, and harvesting conversations from social media are all called Data Scraping. Basically, it accumulates every single text message or post you write. It is collected by the research companies, which uses these details to design ad campaigns for the other products they sponsor. While many argue that they knowingly share personal details on social media, and that it's free for everyone's use, research accumulators don't ask for the owners' approval. And this raises an imperative as well as an online privacy problem. Moreover, Facebook has been reported several times that ads connected to Facebook are leaking identifying information about those who uses the apps. The "leakage" works by first allowing the app to install, the you are advocated to accept certain terms. Once you click "Allow", the app receives access to certain parts of your account. Some Facebook apps get granted access to personal-profile data. Such as chat logs and photos. However, you are not notified about this type of data being transferred to any third-parties. "Facebook has led the way in showing how powerful a tool it can be in coercing people to happily giving up their personal privacy." Therefore, your online privacy and safety are put at risk. As shown above, there are many ways that social media can invade our personal privacy. Those where just two examples of what happens in front of your eyes. Imagine what else happens that you didn't know occurs. "The price for safety, is the loss of privacy."

Free Essays on Pericles Funeral Speech

Pericles’s Deathless Funeral Speech Even though it has been thousands of years since the speech of Pericles’s many of the issues he touched on still apply today. One issue I am going to touch on that Pericles used in his speech is the military, and how the tactics of war of today’s society are closely related to those back in 430 b.c. Another aspect that I will touch on during this paper is the government. The similarities of government that were used back then and what is used in our country today is mind-boggling. The democracy used in Athenian times is very similar to what is used in the United States today. There were still differing social classes in Athens, as there still is in the United States society thousands of years later. The last aspect that I am taking from the speech is how the grieving and aging process are still very similar to what people in the United States do today when a loved one is lost. The military in Athens opened its doors to the world. It was far different than most other countries. Athenians were not afraid to let people in. They were open to anyone who was interested in seeing what went on in Athens. They were not afraid of opening their doors to foreigners and they did not exclude them from any opportunity of learning or observing, even though this could and probably would come back to hurt them someday. What I mean by this is the enemy would benefit from this by seeing what goes on with their military and this might hurt the Athenians in the long run. That is what was so wonderful about this city. Athenians saw the bad but they always looked at the good side of something. During war the enemies did not invade the country alone but they always brought all their confederates. This was contrary to the Athenians who would advance alone into some hostile ground on foreign soil. They would usually move through countries with ease. Although they never w anted to engage in battle they... Free Essays on Pericles Funeral Speech Free Essays on Pericles Funeral Speech Pericles’s Deathless Funeral Speech Even though it has been thousands of years since the speech of Pericles’s many of the issues he touched on still apply today. One issue I am going to touch on that Pericles used in his speech is the military, and how the tactics of war of today’s society are closely related to those back in 430 b.c. Another aspect that I will touch on during this paper is the government. The similarities of government that were used back then and what is used in our country today is mind-boggling. The democracy used in Athenian times is very similar to what is used in the United States today. There were still differing social classes in Athens, as there still is in the United States society thousands of years later. The last aspect that I am taking from the speech is how the grieving and aging process are still very similar to what people in the United States do today when a loved one is lost. The military in Athens opened its doors to the world. It was far different than most other countries. Athenians were not afraid to let people in. They were open to anyone who was interested in seeing what went on in Athens. They were not afraid of opening their doors to foreigners and they did not exclude them from any opportunity of learning or observing, even though this could and probably would come back to hurt them someday. What I mean by this is the enemy would benefit from this by seeing what goes on with their military and this might hurt the Athenians in the long run. That is what was so wonderful about this city. Athenians saw the bad but they always looked at the good side of something. During war the enemies did not invade the country alone but they always brought all their confederates. This was contrary to the Athenians who would advance alone into some hostile ground on foreign soil. They would usually move through countries with ease. Although they never w anted to engage in battle they...

Crimes against the elderly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Crimes against the elderly - Research Paper Example The vulnerability of its members sets this section of the population apart from other age groups that are also concerned about crime. Going out at night alone; walking alone; living alone; traveling unfamiliar routes alone; doing their banking; inside or outside at automated teller machines; going to and from parking lots to do their shopping. Even doing something as simple as answering their telephones (Montague, 2009). Scores of the crimes committed against the elderly are signs of what is happening to the population in general. While many kinds of crime could involve any age group, a few categories, frauds and scams, pick pocketing, purse snatching, theft of checks from the mail and crimes in long-term care settings are committed more to the older than younger victims, AARP studies have indicated in a recent survey. Reports of brutal crimes multiply fast through the mature community and affect that section of the population dramatically. Although statistics show that brutal crime against the elderly is uncommon as compared to other age groups, many older people pose great fear of physical harm. The crimes committed against the elderly are discussed below. The first type of crime is property crime. This involves invasion of an elderly person’s living house and destroying his/her possessions, which may lead to economical and emotional destruction. Sometimes the loss of possessions may not be as destructive as the feeling of insecurity in those living houses after the incident (U.S. Department of Justice, 2008). The other type of crime is frauds and swindles against the elderly. Loss of money can be serious for anyone with limited financial possessions, but for many older individuals, it can be more devastating. Some of the elderly people are even at higher risks to fraudulent schemes than the younger groups. While it is not easy to draw general conclusions, various combinations of factors contribute to victimization,

Should Cultural Anthropology Stop Trying to Model Itself as a Science Essay

Should Cultural Anthropology Stop Trying to Model Itself as a Science - Essay Example This paper illustrates articles by two schools of thought that seem to offer conflicting ideas on the question of cultural anthropology modeling itself as a science. This is because humanities and sciences tend to appear as though they compete for validity, as though, the two disciplines are two opposite extremes. In this regard, Geertz bears in mind that cultural anthropology is best done through interpretation, the humanities way, while Carneiro is of the view that studies should be done through studying the causes and effects. Carneiro’s way is the scientific method. According to the articles, Geertz opinion is that the humanistic approach to cultural anthropology is the best. This is based on the understanding that interpretation leads to definite contextual comprehension. In this regard, the application of scientific approaches puts to risk analysis of cultural aspects being incomplete. In addition, the issue of anthropology being a science gains popularity with its dual ancestry where it is the most scientific humanity of all. This is, in addition to being the most, humanist of all sciences. Based on the information it is crucial to note that anthropology should stick to being human in that all information should be deduced through interpretation for utmost accuracy. This is, in addition to attempting to prove, or disapprove scientific laws by generating deeper interpretations of diverse cultural phenomena. On the other hand, based on Carneiro, scientific should be used to explain cultural phenomena based on facts and evidence to create logical and rational explanations. This is as proposed through cause-effect studies, as opposed to the mere interpretation of causes and effects. In addition, cultural anthropology focuses on analysis thus, to Carneiro; it is a science, as opposed to the humanistic methods applied by interpretation. In this regard, the analysis goes deeper into details in an attempt to capture more information than that which is fou nd in humanist anthropology.

Models of Inclusion in Education

Models of Inclusion in Education Introduction This paper focuses upon inclusion as an international issue. It is structured in three basic topics. Firstly, there is a description of models of inclusion mainly implemented in the U.S.A. Then, there are presented the barriers for greater inclusiveness with some examples of schools from New Zealand, from the States and Northern Ireland. Finally, there are described some solutions, proposed by recent literature, aiming to overcome the barriers and achieve education for all. Main Body Defining Inclusion Searching through the literature, numerous authors describe the term inclusion via different definitions. This explains the various ways inclusion can be seen. A large amount of information has been provided through definitions for its purpose, its philosophy, its emergence as a rights issue as well as a social one. In this paper, inclusion will be examined as an educational issue and the terms inclusive school, inclusive system, inclusive education are used alternatively. As such an issue, it could be claimed that inclusion is about a philosophy of acceptance; it is about providing a framework within which all children- regardless of ability, gender, language, ethnic or cultural origin- can be valued equally, treated with respect and provided with equal opportunities at school (Thomas, Walker and Webb, 1998 :15). Inclusive education stands for an educational system that includes a large diversity of pupils and which differentiates education for this diversity (Pijl, Meijer, Hegarty, 1997: 1). Inclusive education is an unabashed announcement, a public and political declaration and celebration of differenceIt requires continual proactive responsitiveness to foster an inclusive educational culture (Corbett and Slee, 2000: 134). Inclusive schools are defined as those that admit high proportions of pupils with SEN (Dyson et al.2004: 10). The definitions above are just a small sample of the different approaches to inclusion estimated as an educational aspec t. Models of inclusion Changing a school into a more inclusive one is not an easy case. It constitutes a whole reform in order to have a lasting meaning for everyone engaged. This reform has been presented through some models of inclusion, which do not appear as panacea. They do have both advantages and disadvantages but tend to lead to a more reconstructed education. We could categorize these models to the ones promoting part-inclusion and the ones promoting full-inclusion. I will describe below models from both categories, which have been implemented in schools in the U.S.A. According to Zigmond and Baker (1997), self-contained classes and resource rooms in regular schools constitute models of part-inclusion. The first one depicts mainly a tendency for integration that has to do with the placement of children with SEN. The perception that they are in need of a different curriculum from their peers restricts their participation only to lesser activities. The teacher of the regular class needs a professionals guidance but the model still seems to be ineffective due to the low expectations the teacher has from pupils with special educational needs. The second one detaches from the regular classroom the children who need support in order to receive it from a special education teacher, who will teach them on obtaining basic academic skills or also on acquiring learning strategies. The results are dual because on the one hand the students self-esteem tends to follow an upward trend but on the other hand (s)he not only misses the opportunity to attend what the rest of the class is being taught during his/her absence but also there is incompatibility between the methods followed in the two classrooms. Having as a target to incorporate both special education and the pupils to whom it refers in the mainstream school, the two authors above suggest two full inclusive models: the Collaborative Teaching Model (CTM) and the MELD one (Zigmond and Baker 1997). In the classroom where the CTM model takes place, there is collaborative spirit between the teacher of general and special education. Through their daily contact they decide who will teach what, they teach together and they both aid all the pupils. As a result, the teaching procedure becomes more productive due to the fact that each teacher is responsible for a smaller number of children. Apart from this, a classmates support is also available to the child with SEN through the study- buddy system. As far as the MELD model is concerned, it is a broad reform as it engages the whole school in the inclusion effort. It encourages all children with learning difficulties to attend the general school no matter their performance. The special education teacher has a peripatetic role but the time he will spend in a class depends on the number of children with learning difficulties. There are weekly co-planning meetings but the disadvantage of the model is that the special education teacher has so many duties that (s)he has no much time left to pay the essential attention to pupils who really strive to attend the mainstream school. That is why their parents have to pay for extra tutorials or to choose another school environment for their child. Montgomery (1996) describes six of the several full inclusive models that can be implemented in a classroom framework. The first one reconstructs the traditional tension according to which interdisciplinary support was given in a separate class. Now all this personnel is an integral part of the class but can still offer more individual assistance when needed. The second one is a collaboration of coexistence of a general education class with a special education one of the same age. When that happens, two or more teachers share their experience and skills, one around curriculum and the other around support and vice versa so co-teaching becomes a fruitful process. The third full inclusive model encourages liaison mainly among general education teachers. There can be in a class a variety of special education needs, so the teacher can receive help from the rest of the staff teaching the same grade. Moreover, there is a timetable designed by paraprofessionals, who itinerate is it mostly needed. So, the last ones do not need to be there in a continuous basis but instead cooperation among teachers and group teaching can be a really helpful combination. Consistency is the key in this group. That means that when children move to next grade, it is essential the same function to be adopted so as to assure that there will be an alignment in the teaching method. The fourth model refers to older children especially ones of secondary education. Compared to the rest of the children, pupils with SEN have the opportunity of making three choices instead of two. So, apart from core and elective modules they can also attend support centre. The aim of this model is equal support to be offered both during core and elective modules and not let a child restricted in the resource room with just some visits to the regular one. To continue with the fifth model, there is a student support centre in the school, the scientific team of which not only offers support on an individual basis but also collaborates with teachers of regular class. This model offers extended contact between special educators and children as support is not only provided in the centre but also in the class or on a group basis but the criteria for success for success is trust among personnel members as each child is not one professionals duty but a whole teams responsibility. The last model according to Montgomery (1996) refers to adolescents with special educational needs who will attend for four years courses in a campus with students without special needs. There are meetings offering advice and guidance to general educators while the special ones remain close to the child by providing support for developing skills to achieve better contact with peers and participation to extracurricular activities. The key to success is the heads assistance. Barriers that prevent schools from promoting greater inclusiveness By proclaiming that every child has unique characteristics, interests, abilities and learning needs and that education systems should be designed and educational programs implemented to take into account the wide diversity of these characteristics and needs ( UNESCO,1994, p.p. viii) it is represented a tendency for promoting inclusion. Not only international declarations but also government documents and educational acts elucidate the multilevel importance of inclusive practices. To support this, emphasis is given on h3 educational, social and moral grounds (Tilstone, Florian and Rose 1998, p.2) of inclusion through the issue of equal opportunities and human rights one. The values of acceptance and limitation of discrimination of disabled people have given rise to the debate around their belonging in ordinary environments, and more specifically, for the case examined here, in an ordinary school. Despite the dialogue among governments, ministries of education, organizations, legislations, educators, (SENCOs), parents, specialists there still remains a significant gap between theory and practice. Prohibiting factors are social as well as practical aspects. When examining the barriers for promoting inclusion and more specifically within a social context, one should take into consideration the medical model and the individuals perceptions, which come as its consequences. In order to understand the impact of medical model on exclusionary discourses, it is of essential importance to think about the progress of medicine during the past century. The fact that a doctor has the ability and the privilege to diagnose, prescribe, cure and rehabilitate raises him in the sphere of authority. Vlachou (1997) states that the medical model is extremely dominant and it demonstrates its strength through labeling and its policy around disability. The medical ideology boosts its prestige through its success to penetrate in the social system and leaves people no opportunity for questions but instead it accepts the professionals judgments as they are. Moreover, it uses the principle of normalization in an ambiguous way. On the one hand, the use of normalization is similar to cure but a disability cannot be treated. A child with Autistic Spectrum cannot overcome it and become some day an adolescent or an adult without Autism. On the other hand, medical model tries to use normalization alternatively to equal treatment forgetting that equal: does not always mean same. (Vlachou 1997). Direct effect of the model above is the creation of tensions of considering disabled people as heroes because they manage to live in such an inhospitable society despite their difficulties. This decreases their self-esteem and their self-image and may lead to internalized oppression. Furthermore, another consequence related to this is the establishment of perceptions of each individual about what is normal or abnormal, superior or inferior. This has mainly been affected by socially constructed norms and values dealing with appearance but undoubtedly family plays a major role. Different ideologies, ways of upbringing and environments have a different impact on each person. Within a school environment, there is another significant challenge. Labeling is a situation that both disabled people and the advocators of human rights ask to be demolished. Even if a student is has a formal diagnosis or not, his observable behavior could ridicule him in his peers eyes. As far as teachers are concerned, their attitudes can also be a barrier for managing inclusion. They usually expect less from the pupil; they underestimate his abilities so he has a tendency for underachievement. (Vlachou, 1997). Teachers duty is not only to teach the curriculum. They represent one of the most substantial and crucial factors and have a key role in the school reform and its change into a democratic one. What was described above is what literature characterizes as social barriers for achieving inclusion at schools. In other words, the medical model, its effects of heroic images and labeling, individual perceptions based on predominance of beauty and educators attitudes are the social struggles for inclusive education. Apart from the social barriers there are also some practical aspects which arise in daily practice and obstruct inclusion. Pauline Zelaieta (2004) conducted an investigation and found some difficulties faced by mainstream practitioners on the way to inclusion. Firstly, teachers of general education are afraid of lacking the expertise and confidence to work on issues relating to special educational needs. Secondly, teachers in general schools lack time. They have a strictly structured teaching in order to provide curriculum, so this pressure permits no flexibility of re-instructing the lecture in a more suitable and supporting way, which can appeal to every pupils differences and needs. Other inhibitive factors were found to be the lack of leadership, organizational difficulties and financial constraints (Zelaieta 2004: 43). A review of the relevant literature has revealed that there are many commonalities among the schools regarding their unsuccessful efforts of promoting inclusive education to all their children. Purdue, Ballard and MacArthur (2001) raise the issue of warrior parents through their research. As such, are defined those parents who make any endeavour to incorporate their children in a mainstream school but they run up against the exclusionary attitudes of the staff who see these children as different and as belonging elsewhere (Purdue, Ballard and MacArthur 2001: 40). Indicant of the excluding practices is the unwillingness of the school to accept a child with disability and other parents attitudes. The authors mention that the evidence they collected about what happens in New Zealand at both public and private pre-school level is disappointing especially for those parents whose only choice is a rural kindergarten. In some cases the heads of the centre claim that they are not obliged to take these children in the school. In some other cases children with special educational needs were accepted but under certain conditions or provided their parents presence. Furthermore, they describe how the centre can exert control over the childs attendance of the school. The staff will not welcome any child with disability unless he has his personal assistant teacher. In case the teacher aide is unable to go to school, the child has to stay at home. It is also argued the need for resources such as materials, supportive staff and measures for accommodating physical access. That is why many children are excluded either directly (by telling the parents that they cannot accept him in the school e nvironment) or indirectly from the school (by informing the parents that they are positive about him but there is lack of resources). The research criticized as additional exclusionary factors the teachers limited knowledge about disability and other parents not welcoming behavior. So, the importance of parents advocacy is very vividly highlighted in order to ensure that their child will receive the expected education like the rest of the same-aged ones. Very frequently parents need to advocate even for the most obvious services to be offered to their child. But on the other hand parents face the dilemma of how the teachers will treat their child if they will put a lot of pressure on them and be too strict with them. (Purdue, Ballard and MacArthur 2001). Moran and Abbott (2002) examined through their investigation how eleven schools develop inclusive practices in Northern Ireland. Their findings acknowledged the invaluable help of teacher assistants but a significant number of them had scrappy education and knowledge about how to work with children with special educational needs. Some other had no qualification. Instead, they had significant experience. As a result they needed to be retrained and this policy was followed by all the schools participated in the research. This happened either in the school context or with a distance learning program. Moving on with the aspects stated as barriers for inclusion through their research, low degree of team work can be mentioned as one. Assistants role was defined mainly by the heads through the things they should not do, such as avoid being overprotective or playing a discreet role during the breaks. The results of the investigation above are in accord with the findings of a research (Gibb et al. 2007) which showed that barrier factors in the inclusion practice seem to be among others the personnels lack of knowledge, childs limited social participation and academic ability as well. Teachers interviewed admitted firstly the short of knowledge about what kind of teaching strategies to implement on children with special educational needs and secondly the fact that they were not skillful enough to exploit their potential. It is reported that it is of great importance their needs to be met. That is why the authors highlighted the essentiality of partnership between mainstream and special schools. Collective work and giving feedback for improvement can diminish the barriers. The curriculum can also be an additional factor, which in practice resists inclusion. It would be a wrong judgment to assume that certain teaching methods are accessible only to children with specific abilities or needs. There are no strategies to use as panacea, but creativity is essentially useful to promote a curriculum that all students will benefit from it. It is crucial not to perceive curriculum as means of promoting knowledge but as a chance to interact with others (Thomas, Walker and Webb 1998). Armh3 (1999) indicates another dimension of curriculum. The one that it portrays what is accepted through social practices and through the philosophy of each module that is taught. The curriculum creates a cultural space which is obvious from the language used to teach a specific subject, from the books, from peoples appearance and this underestimates their identities. The development of creative pedagogies can control what is being taught and destroy the authority of norms and tensions, which some institutions and teachers impose. Black- Hawkins, Florian and Rouse (2007: 15) define inclusion as the process of increasing the numbers of students attending mainstream schools, who in the past would have been prevented from doing so because of their identified special educational needs. Basic assumption to promote inclusion in regular schools is the buildings and facilities suitability for children with disabilities. Even though unobstructed access to school is a precondition for the child to attend it, it is very frequently too far from reality and this is another barrier for promoting inclusion. First and foremost, it is important the school to be adapted to pupils needs and accommodate its routine and not vice versa. So, a school needs to have an a priori inclusive policy- to put it differently, school has to provide for children with disabilities since its construction. The inclusive philosophy of a school is clearly important to be obvious and substantial not only in the classrooms but in every facility of the school environment (Thomas, Walker and Webb 1998). Black- Hawkins, Florian and Rouse (2007) describe some schools efforts while trying to change their image into an inclusive one. Kingsley Primary School was the first case study to be examined. This school had approximately 650 children when visited by the authors above, but provided no full access to the total building for children with motor difficulties as there was no elevator. As far as Amadeus Primary School is regarded it had by 2005 411 pupils. Although it is a really attractive school with light classes and colourful walls, it does not offer access to children with physical disabilities. The third school was a secondary one called Harbour Community. 1,200 children was the total number of pupils in 2004. This school, as happened with the other ones before, could also not assure the accommodation of children with physical or hearing difficulties as there was no provision for them. The small size of the classrooms was a prohibitive factor for wheelchair users and the acoustics of rooms did not help in order to attend a suitable teaching within a welcoming environment. Finally, the last case examined was the Chester Community School, a secondary school as well. It had a population of 1,300 adolescents, of whom 5% were diagnosed as having special educational needs. Comparatively to the rest of the schools inspected, this was the most inclusive one, but although there is a general tendency for promoting inclusion it has restrictions as far as accessibility is concerned. Some parts of the building are open to access but the unaffordable cost for the renovation of the school remains the main barrier. Judging from the data collected from a small sample of buildings, we are able to conclude that four out of four schools are unable to implement inclusion (even up to a point) and this is a frustrating rate. It is easy to consider that no matter how inclusive services a school may offer, the first and foremost that has to provide is unimpeded access. (Thomas, Walker and Webb 1998). Inclusion is discussed and suggested in an extended degree through national and international documents, for instance the Salamanca Statement, the Framework for Action on Special Educational Needs, the Index for Inclusion. The obstacles that prevent it from being established in school environments need to be removed. To sum up what was described above, we can categorize the barriers referred in literature into social and practical issues. The medical model is mentioned as social because of its impacts on disabled peoples life. Not only this, but its consequences do also have a negative effect on them, owing to viewing them as heroes or as deviant. Finally, teachers opinion can also be an obstacle to promoting inclusive education. On the other hand, as practical difficulties we can characterize these ones, which rise in the daily routine. More specifically, general teachers perception of lacking knowledge about special education, lack of time to deliver the curriculum as well as the curriculum itself, restricted access to school buildings, limited team work on the part of teachers and unwillingness of some schools to accept disabled children are the practical aspects, which promote exclusionary instead of inclusionary philosophy and practice. Overcoming the barriers Solutions Moves towards inclusion involve abatement of the struggles for inclusion. Overcoming of the social barriers can be fulfilled if changing the societys function by letting disabled peoples voices to be heard. Another direction that can be taken is the one of intervening to the social field of school. A radical change of the general attitude of the school is indispensable and needs to take place. The school is useful to act as a collaborative community, which sets no restrictions to its members to be part of it. (Thomas, Walker and Webb 1998). Segregation based on the criterion of ability needs to be eliminated and this can happen through teachers and peers attitudinal change (Pijl, Meijer and Hegarty 1997). Inclusion can be developed within a framework of assistance and support on behalf of teachers. Students can deconstruct the philosophy of exclusion by working into small groups to do in-classroom activities or by peer- tutoring. Strategies like these ones or as circles of friends or buddy-systems (Thomas, Walker and Webb 1998) promote an accepting philosophy in the classroom context and help collaborate under the partnership spirit. These actions are not by themselves the direct solution to the problem of inclusion in school level. The dimension of cultural change is the basic one to be reformed. The Index for Inclusion, which is a material based on the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Child and UNESCOs 1994 Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action, specifies the dimension of creating inclusive cultures. This dimension is about creating a secure, accepting, collaborating, stimulating community in which everyone is valued, as the foundation for the highest achievements of all students. It is concerned with developing inclusive values, shared between all staff, students, governors and parents/ carers that are conveyed to all new members of the school (Booth et al. 2000: 45). As a result, new cultures affect society in general and school community in particular. In that way teachers are willing to design new teaching approaches so as to respect every pupils needs, differences and abilities and st udents are willing to respond to that pedagogy. This is the first step to move on providing solutions for the practical barriers which were analyzed before. Taking the attitudinal and cultural change for granted, this can positively affect alternative ways for the curriculum delivery. For instance, students arrangement into groups, use of innovative materials, brand-new lesson format and interesting tasks differentiated by activities can create an active learning environment. The achievement of goals can happen through supportive relationships and mixed groups in which ones abilities will accommodate others needs. Focus on the whole classroom instead of individuals separately can promote the delivery of an inclusive curriculum (Thomas, Walker and Webb 1998). If educators plan their teaching, if they offer group activities employing curricular differentiation and if there is mutual respect inclusion can undoubtedly be promoted. (Gibb et al.2007). Producing inclusive policies is a second dimension mentioned in the Index for Inclusion, which is about securing inclusion at the heart of school development, permeating all policies, so that they increase the learning and participation of all students. All forms of support are brought together within a single framework and are viewed from the perspective of students and their development rather than school or local education authority administrative structures (Booth et al. 2000: 45). A school for all is the one, which can firstly offer physical access to its pupils. Then, it supports them not only by making the use of buildings comfortable but also by offering psychological support. For instance, by aiding new students to adapt to the new environment or by representing their educational needs and create small peer-groups during teaching so that everyone can benefit from it. Inclusive policy supports diversity in multiple ways. That can happen by supporting activities for students w ith special needs or for those whose native language is not the same as the rest of the pupils. (Booth et al.2000). After examining the theoretical part of what is inclusive policy, it is essential to discuss how a sample of schools implements those policies. Kingsley Primary School had a high level (60%) of children for whom English was an additional language and about 15% of pupils with special needs. The school had a clearly admission policy and tried to respond to pupils needs. For that reason, the school had some facilities corrected and removed some of the barriers regarding participation and access. Implementing inclusive policy according to the Index, urged Kingsley School to support all children needed aid in learning. To do it successfully, they arranged some teaching groups. Gifted children, pupils with discipline problems or with problems on using the local language attended some lessons in separate classrooms and finally they had the ability to attend the curriculum in their class with their peers. (Black-Hawkins, Florian and Rouse 2007). Although the policy of Amadeus Primary School regarding accessibility is not that inclusive, the school provides low dado rails to support children with visual impairments and a hearing induction loop system (Black- Hawkins, Florian and Rouse 2007 :72). It embraces all new children and a peer mentor is responsible for each one of them especially for the first-day-difficulties. As far as children identified as having learning difficulties are concerned, their needs are met by planning their homework. The last dimension of inclusion explored by the Index is about developing inclusive practices and is defined as reflecting the inclusive cultures and policies of the school. It is concerned with ensuring that classroom and extra-curricular activities encourage the participation of all students and draw on their knowledge and experience outside school. Teaching and support are integrated together in the orchestration of learning and the overcoming of barriers to learning and participation. Staff mobilizes resources within the school and local communities to sustain active learning for all (Booth et al.2000: 45). So, barriers discussed above such as lack of time or lack of leadership and tem work can be removed. The Index for Inclusion suggests the creation of a coordinating group, the head of which will raise staffs knowledge about its purposes. Acting not as an expert but as a consultant s/he can collect information about staffs and parents opinion on what are the real priorities and aspects for change. After the collection of evidence, further discussion follows on arranging a development plan, which will be monitored via meetings, councils, debates. (Booth et al.2000). After that, everyones duties will be reassigned. The teacher will know what s/he has to do, the teacher assistant will have a clearer idea about his/ her role and his/her performance within the classroom, the SENCO, the planning team, the senior staff and the head teacher will be able to work in a new, much more organized and closely monitored context. In that way, lack of leadership and organization and lack of time stop acting restrictively against inclusion. Collaborative work is highly promoted in the framework of inclusive culture. Moving towards inclusive practice, team work acts as a basic assumption, not only among staff members but also among them and the parents/ carers. Good interaction of those involving in inclusion and respect to each others knowledge and experiences are the keys for their efficient partnership (Armh3 and Moore 2004). Lack of specialist knowledge was referred to a great extent as a prohibitive factor for inclusion. Liaison of special and general schools seems to be really effective. The first ones can train the general educators and provide them suitable material for using while teaching children with SEN. They can also equip them with strategies and ideas for adapting the curriculum to their diversities and the teaching time can be better administered (Cheminais 2003). Collaborative engagement, value others opinions, active listening and working with a plan in a monitored context, as proposed by the Index, can be the right solutions to the barriers for inclusion. In a school that finally decides to implement and promote inclusive practices there is an atmosphere of collaboration, students learn from each other, children support one another regardless of the group activities and they have attitudes of respect and acceptance. Children use their resources as well as staffs expertise to reinforce inclusion. (Booth et al.2000; Black-Hawkins, Florian and Rouse 2007). After having discussed the three dimensions for achieving inclusion (inclusive cultures, policies and practices), it is difficult to say which comes first. None of these separately can provide that high results as when co-existing and acting as one. To p